Monday, September 30, 2019

Christianity and Narnia Essay

Christianity is a religion that more than half of our world believes in. It is the belief that Jesus was the Son of God who saved humanity from sin. That Mary the redeemer said yes to God. Christianity is made up of many different parts. The Paschal Mystery which means the life, death and resurrection of Jesus, the Son of God is what sets Christianity apart from other religions. Christianity has many denominations, for example Mormons, Anglicans, Presbyterian. Christians believe that Jesus lived for humanity, died for humanity, and resurrected for humanity. Christ is percepted in many different ways; he is depicted as the Son of God who died for humans on the cross. Over one third of the world is Christians, but nearly 75% of the world celebrates traditions which only Christians believe in. An example of this would be Easter. Easter is when Jesus died for humans on the cross, but nowadays non-believers celebrate it and is treated as a public holiday. This shows how important Christianity is to humans, and also to the world. In the Bible, Jesus was first mentioned in the book of Isaiah in the Old Testament. He was depicted as the son of God. Therefore the Lord himself will give you a sign:  The virgin will conceive and give birth to a son,  and will call him Immanuel. ’Jesus’s name was not mentioned. Isaiah’s prophecy was then fulfilled in the gospel of Luke. ‘Was born of a virgin named Mary’ (Luke 1:26-31). Also Jesus had performed many great miracles. Jesus performed the changing of the water to win at the wedding at Cana. ‘7  Jesus said to the servants  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Fill the jars with water†; so they filled them to the brim. 8  then he told them,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Now draw some out and take it to the master of the banquet. † This is the gospel of John 2:7-8. Christians believe Jesus was fully divine and human. Which was why when Jesus was nailed to the cross, the pain he felt was the pain humans would have felt as well. Jesus was crucified on the cross because it was the common way to die. Christians pray and sing hymns praising the Lord. They commonly sing the song ‘I say Yes’ This has the meaning of Mary saying yes to the angel Gabriel to be the mother of Jesus Christ. In the song it has the phrase ‘To the God who cannot die’. This is interpreted in the meaning that God will always be there. He is omnipresent, omniscient and omnipotent. During church, before epiclesis when transubstantion has not yet occurred. The Memorial Acclamation is read to show what Jesus had given up before he was crucified and to show how important the epiclesis is. ‘To do this in the memory of him’. Every year in the month of May, Christians read the Angelus because it is the month of Mary. In the angelus, the Hail Mary is read. A verse in that passage is ‘Pray for us’. That Mary, our redeemer will continue to look over us as she had once done with Jesus. A perfect example of how Christians have continued to spread the word of God and believed is C.S Lewis. He had written a series of books which relate to the belief of Jesus. A quote he had once said was ‘I believe in Christianity as I believe that the sun has risen: not only because I see it, but because by it I see everything else. ’This is a very strong quote because he had continued to live and carry out God’s mission. In the Catechism, CCC 600 it states ‘Lamb of God takes away the Sin of the world’ this is how the Roman Church interpreted Jesus and his teachings. The Lamb of God is Jesus because Jesus is commonly interpreted and depicted as a lamb. Through this Christians carry out acts which follow these teachings. This helps people understand how important Christianity is to the world. It shows what Christians believe and how they show this through their actions. There are many stories and movies which have been written to portray the life of Jesus and the belief of Christianity. One of the many is Narnia by C. S Lewis. This movie and book series stands out because it has many subtle and prominent links between Christianity and Narnia. C. S Lewis was inspired to write the Narnia book series after his ‘mental religious wars’. He converted from a protestant to an atheist then to a Christian (catholic) and is now known as one of the most inspirational theologists. C. S Lewis slipped in and added many subtle symbols. For example, during the scene when Susan and Peter went into the Professor’s study, the notebook on his table was in the shape of an apple. This symbolises Original Sin. The apple shows the relationship between God and Humanity. How evil had come into the world. Narnia is a story with 4 main characters Edmund, Susan, Lily and Peter. C. S Lewis used the characters of Susan and Lily as Eve, and Edmund and Peter as the Sons of Adam. When the children had first gone into the Land of Narnia, we are first introduced to them being as the sons and daughters of Eve and Adam. There are three types of sins in the world, Original Sin, Social Sin and Personal Sin. Social Sin is depicted in Narnia through the White Witch. Narnia is set in a land where it is winter. It is depicted as the season of winter because it symbolises dark and evil. Because of the White Which. In the shots where Aslan is present, the land of Narnia is spring. It is as if Narnia Is released and freed from evil. Personal Sin is depicted in Narnia through Edmund. Aslan, the lion performed many miracles in the series of Narnia. When the White Witch had frozen the thorns and people to stone, Aslan blew on them to unfreeze them. This is a very big miracle of him. Jesus had also performed many miracles in his lifetime. ,  6  After saying this, he spit  on the ground, made some mud with the saliva, and put it on the man’s eyes. 7  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Go,†Ã‚  he told him,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"wash in the Pool of Siloam†. So the man went and washed, and came home seeing. This is the gospel of John 9:6-7. Jesus too also performed strange and powerful miracles to help others. In the book Narnia, C.S Lewis quotes from Aslan as King ‘Aslan as everywhere’ to ‘He will be back’. C. S Lewis had many inspirations to write the book. One of the many was when his wife was cured of cancer but then later died. Despite her dying, he had continued on the write the books. In the book of Catechism, CCC 977, it says that Christ who died for our sin and rose for us so we may walk in the fullness of life. This is what the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church believes what Christ is and what human life is about. In CCC 1708, ‘by his Passion, Christ delivered us from Satan and from sin. He merited for us the new life in the Holy Spirit. His grace restores what sin had damaged in us. ’ These are what they Catholics believe what Christ did and how it affected humanity as a whole and how sin had damaged us. Christians can follow and learn about the life and times of Jesus Christ and the origins of Christianity through reading the books and watching the movies of Narnia. This is relevant to the religion Christianity because the book and film Narnia had incorporated many symbols to show Catholicism. This helps Christians understand their religion and how it had started.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Discovering Las Vegas’ Vibrance and Orlando’s Magic

Life can be so dreary if you just wallow in work all the time. For all you know, you might be burnt out and this has caused you to be irritable and looking stressed because of the drudgeries of daily routine. Being burned out is more than just a feeling; it is a condition. Being burned out implies that one is totally exhausted, both physically and emotionally, and that rest, recuperation, or vacation can be a key to ease you out of it. Actually, we need not to go far to have a vacation. Las Vegas and Orlando are two of the most visited cities to have a vacation. Thus, we will try to evaluate the ups and downs of having a vacation in Las Vegas and Orlando by browsing through articles that feature these cities. Anyone might have known Las Vegas because it is constantly represented in movies as a site for gambling and shotgun weddings. In addition to what Las Vegas is known for, it is also city renowned for its desert resort getaways. When a visitor wants get into the city’s hub, â€Å"The Strip† is the answer. â€Å"The Strip† is lined with dazzling luxury hotels, casinos, and nightclubs that offer not just gambling, but also exotic entertainment. In fact, when anyone visits â€Å"The Strip†, it would summon memories of movie scenes as it stretches along part of Las Vegas Boulevard South, where buildings are known for its dazzling neon signs, psychedelic electronic billboards and spectacular interiors (Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online, 2007). Sanchez (1999) shared that there are two parts to the state and Las Vegas. There’s the Old West, with its morals and values: you shoot a burglar. If he falls inside your home, you’re okay; if he falls on your lawn, you’re in trouble. The other part is the casinos. Las Vegas is totally about money. The streets are truly paved with gold. They [the usual â€Å"they†, the people who run things] only want people to know about the Strip. Off the Strip, there’s nothing to do. They want people to drop ten thousand dollars and come back later trying to win it back. Casino profits go up and up. They showed us the records at school. There's never a dip. But it’s a camouflage. Without casinos, Las Vegas will be like Austin, Texas. We’d be lame, but a town, a community. We’d be a little town in the desert. But the Las Vegas mentality is â€Å"We’re the whole state†. Clark County became our state, and we let the casinos take care of us (Sanchez, 1999, p. 92). But there’s more to casinos and weddings in Las Vegas, according to Rosenthal and Renaud (October 2005) in Shape magazine, one can visit an oasis in the luxurious Green Valley Ranch Resort, Casino ; Spa. They suggested that the stay there is â€Å"all about understated elegance†. The resort is a â€Å"full-fledged Las Vegas-style casino hotel without the over-the-top theme-park decor, it’s an easy 10-minute cab or shuttle ride to action on The Strip†. However, Rosenthal and Renaud (October 2005) assured travelers that they will be tempted to â€Å"stay put and enjoy the array of restaurants, gaming action and luxury treatments and activities at the spa and fitness center†. For health buffs, Rosenthal and Renaud (October 2005) warned that although self-control can be challenging amidst the flashing neon signs that are tempting you toward â€Å"all-you-can-eat buffets and free drinks†, both authors suggested that they could visit the Little Buddha at the Palms Casino Resort, located at 4321 W. Flamingo Road. According to Rosenthal and Renaud (October 2005), â€Å"the restaurant is done up in sexy shades of red†, and â€Å"the dà ©cor is opulent, with massive Buddha statues and velvet stools lining the restaurant’s glowing bar†. On weekends, visitors can â€Å"feast upon light yet flavorful sushi and other pan-Asian treats while a DJ spins world music†. Another place that Rosenthal and Renaud (October 2005) recommended is the Red Rock Canyon. Situated accessibly in a 25-minute drive west of the neon glares of â€Å"The Strip†, they described Red Rock Canyon as a â€Å"Mojave Desert conservation area where petrified dunes, arches and cliffs come in a stunning palette of colors†. According to Rosenthal and Renaud (October 2005), â€Å"there are more than 30 miles of hiking trails† and they recommended to trek the â€Å"moderate six-mile White Rock loop past trickling springs and rock formations†. They also advised that to watch out for some desert tortoises, wild burros and red-tailed hawks that could be encountered in the trail. Of course, visitors are advised to bring ample amount of water when visitors decide to choose this kind of adventure. On the other hand, the mention of Orlando invites us to think of one word: Disney. Anyone might not be surprised that the Disney complex alone covers 47 square miles (122 square km). Several large resorts are not the only exciting attractions that Disney offers, any visitor would marvel at â€Å"the Magic Kingdom, Epcot, Disney-MGM Studios, and Animal Kingdom†. Also in the greater Orlando area are â€Å"Universal Orlando (with the Universal Studios and Islands of Adventure theme parks), Sea World of Florida (a marine-animal park), and Wet ‘n Wild (a large water park)†. In addition, Lack Haven Park contains art, science, and history museums. Gatorland, just to the south, is home to alligators and crocodiles (Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online, 2007). In Hagaman’s article (1998) about Orlando in the PSA Journal, she suggested that aside from Disney, any visitor can also experience the glamor of Hollywood while staying at the doorstep near Universal Studios, Florida, where they could stand at awe with the likes of Jaws, King Kong, Woody and Winny Woodpecker and other characters â€Å"just waiting to give you a thrill and photo opportunities†. Hagaman (1998) also recommended having fun beneath â€Å"swaying palm trees in the heart of America’s vacation fantasy land† because â€Å"visitors always enjoy Orlando’s splendid weather and natural beauty†. Hagaman (1998) cited that the opening of Cypress Gardens in 1936 marked the beginning of a new era in Central Florida, where any visitor can marvel at the new Birdwalk Aviary, composed of five new animal habitats. The list goes on as Hagaman (1998) cited other places of interest like the Butterfly Conservatory, European acrobatic acts, floral festivals, and a new fast-paced and thrilling water ski show†. The Cypress Gardens is situated 22 miles south of I-4 be tween Orlando and Tampa. Hagaman (1998) also prided that Orlando has treats for history lovers. She assured visitors will bask in a â€Å"magical evening in a medieval castle at King Henry’s Feast†. King Henry’s Feast features a banquet and show that compose of â€Å"a bountiful four-course dinner while special royal entertainment and amazing death-defying feats are performed right before your eyes. Tankards of beer, wine and soft drinks are included with dinner†. Hagaman (1998) informed that King Henry’s Feast is in Orlando.   Another recommended attraction by Hagaman (1998) is located near Kissimmee, where visitors would have the feel of traveling back to the days of yore at Medieval Times. Hagaman (1998) revealed that this is Central Florida’s number one 1 dinner attraction located on Highway 92 near Disney. Visitors will definitely have fun feasting on a â€Å"regal banquet inside the 11th-century European style castle and cheer for knights on horseback jousting and sword fighting†. Hagaman (1998) also included in her list of attractions the Pointe Orlando, which is â€Å"a 450,000 square foot Lifestyle Entertainment Center located across from the Convention Center, featuring FAO Schwartz, multi-screen cinema, and a 3-D IMAX theater†. In this entertainment center, nightclubs, outstanding restaurants, and the finest collection of 60 unique retailers will surely make visitors busy while in Orlando. Moreover, visitors should also delight the Oriental magic of Splendid China. Hagaman (1998) described it as â€Å"a 76-acre attraction featuring 5,000 years of authentic Chinese culture†. In here, Hagaman (1998) described that visitors will see a replica of China’s historical sites and landmarks, like the Forbidden City, Great Wall, Leshan Budda and many others. Hagaman (1998)   also mentioned â€Å"The Mysterious Kingdom of the Orient†, which is â€Å"a pulsating and visually majestic presentation of 70 talented acrobats, dancers and actors†. Lastly, Hagaman (1998) invited visitors to discover Chinatown for its â€Å"excellent dining and unique shopping†. Both locations have their unique features, the casinos and desert resorts in Las Vegas and the theme parks in Orlando. What’s best is that both cities offer different features and landmarks for different interests. Las Vegas discovered that shopping, dining, and entertainment could attract non-gamblers and also serve as secondary activities for all but the most dedicated gamblers. The Forum shopping mall at Caesars in Las Vegas provides continuous entertainment and a great variety of restaurants, making the retail sales areas some of the most costly and desirable to rent in North America. Today, the top attraction in Las Vegas is shopping, not gambling. However, I feel that there are more things to do in Orlando than in Las Vegas. I believe that tourist markets should be dynamic and a marketing information system should come in important. Destinations need to closely monitor the relative popularity of their various attractions by determining the number and type of tourists attracted to each and I think Orlando is more publicized in this arena. References Hagaman, C. L. (1998, February). Orlando: Never Outgrow the Magic. PSA Journal, 64, 16-18. Las Vegas. (2007). In Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica.   Retrieved February 14, 2007, from Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online: http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9047243. Orlando. (2007). In Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica.   Retrieved February 14, 2007, from Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online: http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9057392. Rosenthal, J. and Renaud, L. (2005, October). Sin-City Shapeovers. Shape, 25(2): 38. Sanchez, M. (1999). Growing Up in Las Vegas. In The Real Las Vegas: Life beyond the Strip, Littlejohn, D. (Ed.) (pp. 75-96). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Supply chain management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Supply chain management - Essay Example Experts defined SCM as a blend of a variety of procedures that begin from the preliminary stage of the product till the completed utilization of the same creation by the customer. It is a procedure which entail the development, execution, of these plans, and scheming of the product construct with the purpose of providing absolute fulfillment to the customer with regards to the quality of the product, (Wixon, Jim 2000). No innovation retains the fancy of the industry for long. SCM also, like many other new techniques before it, has gone out of fashion with many of the industries, (Davis,1993). This is evident from their inability to verify data pertaining to disruptions or irregularities in supply chains, Failure of Executives to pin point unfavorable actions and reasonably predict their consequences to the business push them into hasty decisions with undesirable consequences, (Gosling, 2003). Needless to say, such actions can be disastrous to the company operating in a competitive en vironment, (Lee, and Billington, 1992). Manufacturing and product delivery costs can mount, inventory may pile up, further adding to the cost, and actual delivery to the consumer get delayed, each of these individually and together can burden the company, (Christy, 1994). Non-availability of relevant SCM data may deny to the organization the ability to respond promptly and successfully to emerging opportunities. 2.0 SCOR – OVERVIEW AND UTILITY TO BUSINESS OPERATIONS Supply Chain Operations reference (SCOR) model has been evolved, tested and certified by the Supply Chain Council, a Non-Profit Organization. The industry has received it well and adopted extensively as a reliable tool for analyzing Supply Chain operations and managing them, (SCC, 1999). It enables its users to compare the various SCM activities and evaluate their performance and relevance to the management objectives. It is hierarchical and structural in nature. As end result it provides the optimal processes and solutions for the organization’s SCM requirements, (Brocke, 2007). SCOR analyses all the elements on the Product Development and Delivery network and keeping the focus on optimum satisfaction of the customer, identifies and brings to light complicated as well as simple supply chains which have specific impacts on the over all outcome of the operations, (Supply-Chain Council, 2005). This ease of analysis helps in interconnecting and showing as sequels the chain of events/operations that hinder production or delivery, and their over-all impact, (VRM 3.0, 2004). Thus it serves as a foundation on which Supply chains can be developed for simple local operations as much as it can serve to build large scale world-wide Projects, (Fox, Chionglo, and Barbuceanu, 1993). SCOR has become handy for enhancing the flexibility of interaction among trading partners and customers, which, in turn has radically impacted the operational economics of the entire Industry. The combination of the adv anced capabilities of I.T. with SCOR has produced very good results, (BEA,2003). Far from the mere connectivity of Supply Chain events, SCOR has now achieved a system of extracting real time data at various levels,

Friday, September 27, 2019

A rose for Emily research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A rose for Emily research paper - Essay Example The readers were told that Emily bought arsenic and that a strange odor appeared around the house for a few weeks and then disappeared. During the years Miss Emily isolated herself from the society in town and only after she dead did they discovered in a locked room the decomposed body of her alleged fiancà ©. The grey hair they found signified that Miss Emily had been laying near the dead body of her partner for years. Barnet et al. (1997) consider that we live in a world filled with symbolism. Symbols do not have a clear meaning and possesÃ'  a deep spiritual structure embedded in society and culture. Meanings intermingle with expressions and create ambiguities. Symbols are fragmented and present different pictures, evoke different senses and stand for different situations (Barnet et al). Every moment is written or spoken sign and in order to grasp its meaning we have to decode its symbols. The same is with stories and literature. They stand for past, present and future experiences which we have to carefully decipher. Many different interpretations can be represented in analyzing the social, economic and historical contexts of Faulkner’s short story. Fetterly (1999) justifies Faulkner’s use of the grotesque to describe his story. She proposes that one looks at the story from a feminist perspective. Then â€Å"one notices that the grotesque aspects of the story are a result of its violation of the expectations generated by the conventions of sexual politics (Fetterly 50).† Fetterly (1999) continues that the end shocks not only by the suggestion of necrophilia, but also by the fact that a woman is capable of committing a murder of a men. This story is not about the conflict between the old and the new, the change of social order, or the competition between the South and the North. This is a story of the sexual conflict below the surface (Fetterly). The locked rook found after Emily’s death is a mirror image of the world that

Thursday, September 26, 2019

My Decision to Return to College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My Decision to Return to College - Essay Example Since there is a general feeling that college graduates adjust easily within the reigns of organizations and that are easily trainable, I believe I would offer the company much to start with. My skills and my experience would suggest a thing or two and that too in the positive sense. Within the workforce, I would enhance my organizational skills consistently so that I could become indigenous and my work would speak for its own self. Since I value education more than anything else, I am of the view that following the college would be out of my comfort zone but I am ready and willing to take this opportunity and grab it with both hands. I will challenge myself within different areas, one of which would be to acquaint myself with the computer literacy skills, which I perceive needs polishing. Further, the mere feeling that completing a degree would give me a satisfying attitude is reason enough for me to go all-out and do my very best. Education has its different levels and it is best to reach the top most level once you are a student. I am hopeful that I will continue on my yearning and opt for the Associate’s degree program after which I would pursue my Bachelor’s. Similarly, attaining a Master’s degree is anyone’s dream and for me, there is thrill in envisioning myself becoming a Master in a specific discipline, a few years down the road. I opine that education makes one complete and I am of the firm view that in my case, this is absolutely true. Completing college life makes one reap rewards throughout the course of his life. I would advance my base within life once I am out of college and plan to pursue with my university life. Moving ahead, joining a profession that I like would make me even more satisfied and matured after which I will earn and support my family – a satisfying feeling nonetheless. In the end, I am hopeful that if I get admission within college, I would live up to my promise

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

The Understanding of Probability Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Understanding of Probability - Assignment Example Understanding uncertainty is part of human’s quest to gain much more confidence, particularly in a logical decision-making process. The uncertainty which means knowing just a little of what might probably happen triggers much wider and deeper understanding of the value of numbers among those concerned individuals who are trying to make certain decisions. For instance, computation of probabilities based on the actual random samples from an entire class or population can be viewed as much of a representation. This can be meaningful knowing the fact that drawing a sample from a certain population in which every entity has the equal chance of being drawn can be viewed reliably in explaining the entire sample. In this paper, I gave light on the value of probability which will fall to what Stein said, â€Å"I wonder what would be revealed if a scientific study were done on the numbers† (American Institute of Physics 1). In the same way, his realizations based on what he said, â€Å"Now I feel comforted by the power of mathematics† (Chang 2) had been emphasized based on the following articles: The baseball game is one of the most played games in the world. However, it is not just purely a game by design, but a rich area which paves the way to exploring more mathematical concepts and methods. Mathematical concepts and methods may vary depending on the level of information and data type. The two articles include the discussion of chance in which the baseball game will end up to the seventh series. Considering the assumption that the two teams have equal chances of winning, getting the value of probability of winning in the seventh game may sound not so complex. However, there are many factors to be considered to exactly model the probability of winning the baseball game in the seventh series. Considering that the two teams may not exactly have equal chances of winning due to the fact that the other team may just be exactly better.

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Wireless Network System for an IT Training Centre Essay

Wireless Network System for an IT Training Centre - Essay Example This information is then transmitted through the air with the help of a transmitter and received at the other end through a receiver and demodulated. Since both transmission and reception of the signals have to be carried out at the same point, therefore a device known as an ‘Access Point’ (AP) is used which is a simple transmitter/receiver or transceiver. By assigning different frequencies to different users many users can access the network simultaneously without interfering. As is evident, the access to a wireless network can be gained only if the users are having devices which have a wireless facility. These devices such as notebook computers and tablet PC’s are widely available in the market and their prices have fallen by large amounts in recent times making them affordable. Â  Depending on the designing technology used WLAN’s are mainly of three types. ‘Narrowband wireless LAN’s’, ‘Spread Spectrum wireless LAN’s’ and ‘Infrared wireless LAN’s’. Narrowband WLAN’s, as is understood from the name, use the narrowband signal for communication. Therefore the speeds achieved are low in this case but the problem of interference is greatly reduced as is the case with narrowband signals. The problem of low speeds is solved by the Spread Spectrum WLAN’s which use wideband signals. The drawback of this technology is that the number of users accessing an access point is lesser and the security is also weaker than Narrowband WLAN’s. However, in spite of these drawbacks, it is the most widely used technology. The infrared WLAN’s don’t find many uses as the speeds as well as the range, in this case, is very low. Infrared WLAN’s are used only when the devices and access points are placed close to each other and when they are in the line of sight. The requirement of devices to be in the line of sight is because RF signals cannot pass through opaque objects. Â  

Monday, September 23, 2019

International law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International law - Essay Example ........................................................................................ 6 State Practice...................................................................................................... 7 Hierarchy of sources........................................................................................... 8 International trade and development.................................................................. 8 Conclusion...................................................................................................................... 10 References...................................................................................................................... 11 Main Sources of International Law Introduction International law is the primary governing authority in the management of international affairs. It includes laws and provisions which indicate standards by which states can interact with each other. These provisions also provide processes which are mandated for states to follow in relation to territorial, political, social, and economic relations. The commonly known source of international law includes the legal provisions passed by the United Nations and its General Assembly. However, other laws also make up the overall international statutes which help ensure the peaceful and efficient relations of states and other international actors. Although these statutes are often difficult to implement due to the inherent independence of states, sanctions are nevertheless forthcoming for violators. This paper shall outline and explain the main sources of international law. It will evaluate these sources in terms of their significance and importance in promoting the growth and development of international business and trade. This study will initially discuss the different sources of international law. An evaluation of these sources shall also be carried out and associated with the development of international business and trade. This paper will be discussed in order to provide an academic evaluation of international laws and provisions with the end goal of guiding the future evaluation of international activities and actions of states and business entities. Body Overview of sources of international law The sources of international law would include the materials and provisions where the standards and principles managing states and international actors are established (Jennings and Watts, 1992). These sources are based on various political and legal principles. In the 19th century, the concept of pacta sunt servanda was recognized, mostly as a means of limiting sovereign power and authority (Jennings and Watts, 1992). This homogeneous perspective of international law was apparent in the 1920 Statute for the Permanent Court of International Justice, and further specified under Article 38(1) of the 1948 provisions on the International Court of Justice (ICJ) (Malanczuk, 1997). Article 38(1) is acknowledged to be the most enco mpassing provision indicating the sources of international law (Koskenniemi, 2000). This article calls for the International Court to use international conventions which are expressly acknowledged by other states and international customs as general practices supported by the law. To prevent non liquet, where no law would apply, the article also mentions that general principles used by the courts are those which have long been supported and used by civilized countries (Koskenniemi, 2000). Since states are the ones which give their consent and which

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Analyze and Evaluate the Federal Legislative Process Essay

Analyze and Evaluate the Federal Legislative Process - Essay Example We will get to understand this process even better by looking at the stages the family smoking prevention and tobacco control act, passed through till it was enforced as a law. We will also get to know the content of the bill and its importance. The family smoking prevention and tobacco control act, pub.l.111-31 H.R.1256 This is one of the major statutes in the federal government enacted during President Obama’s time .It came into effect on June 22, 2009 (Encyclopedia). The act gives the food and drug administration the power to regulate the tobacco industry. A signature element of the law imposes new warnings and labels on tobacco packaging and their advertisements, with the goal of discouraging minors and young adults from smoking. The Act also bans flavored cigarettes, limits on the advertising of tobacco products to minors and requires tobacco companies to seek FDA approval for new tobacco products. Legislative process Bill introduction and The First Reading According to ( Freeman), bill introduction and first reading is the initial stage in the legislative process. ... The family smoking prevention and tobacco act was introduced to respond to the decision, which had held that the Clinton administration's FDA had gone beyond its Congressionally delegated authority, thus giving the FDA the authority the Court determined it had lacked. The bill was passed by a vote of 298 to 112. Second Reading and Referral of the Bill to a Committee On May 20, 2009 the senate committee on health, education, labor and pensions were assigned the bill. Committee Stage of Bill The committee reviewed the text of the bill and there being no amendments they passed it to the next stage. Report Stage The family smoking prevention and tobacco control bill was further studied during the report stage by the members of the house of common in the committee and also those who were not in the committee passed the bill to the next stage there being no amendments. The Third Reading and adoption of Bill The members of the house of common came together to decide on whether the bill shou ld be adopted or not. They debated on the final form of the bill and its provisions. The bill provided for: i. Creation of a tobacco center within the FDA authority to regulate the content. ii. Marketing and sale of tobacco products. iii. It require the FDA approval for the use of expressions that indicate the capacity the product poses to health risk iv. limitation of advertisements that could attract young smokers Calls for new rules to prevent sales except through direct marketing. v. Face-to-face exchanges between a retailer and a consumer vi. The ban on flavoring applies to any product meeting the definition of a cigarette according to the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act. This includes any tobacco that comes

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Time Travel Essay Example for Free

Time Travel Essay Throughout history, the plausibility of time traveling has remained at the pinnacle of scientific research. Imagine traveling into the future to see how one’s own life turns out. Surely the human brain could not comprehend how such a feat could be possible. One could determine whether or not he or she has reached their goals in life. One could look into their own future and realize that it is not what they truly desire. He or she could then certainly prevent an unwanted future. To some, it may sound thoroughly unattainable, however, scientists have conveyed years of research supporting the achievability. Time travel has possessed a label of being insurmountable. It is an aspect of science that has forever challenged brilliant scientists to prove its existence. Scientists such as Albert Einstein and Stephen Faulkner have developed theories and proofs that support it without breaking the laws of physics. The phenomenon known as time travel is theoretically possible and will subsist in virtue of everyday time travel, through Albert Einstein’s infamous theory of relativity, and utilizing a topological feature of space time. Time travel is all around the world today, occurring left and right. When most think of time travel, they automatically think of cutting-edge time machines and other in depth theories possessing ways to transport humans into the future and the past. However, time travel is very much existent in society, the majority of the population just does not realize it. Every human alive today travels in time. Each year that a person lives, she or he has moved forward one year (Dr. Marc). Dr Marc reasons that â€Å"Another way to say that is that we travel in time at the rate of 1 hour per hour. † The rate of course, is experienced by every living thing on earth. A simple way to understand how every being time travels is to picture time as a river. A river is constantly flowing and moving, as is time (Bonsor 1). Time also moves at different speeds in contrasting settings, similar to that of a river. Kevin Bonsor claims that, â€Å"In other words, time is relative† (1). The idea that time is like a river was first put forward by Albert Einstein back in the early 1900s. Therefore, there is a strict connection between time and space. The relationship between space and time is more simple than most people think. Most people would find it surprising to learn that time travel takes places everyday. Everything in the world is made up of matter, and matter takes up space. Therefore, anything that dominates space has a relationship with time. That relationship refers to time as a river in that people are constantly moving in time. Every living thing in the world not only moves with time but ages with it as well. Each aches the effects of time, the growing pains, the getting sick, and the dying. Not only does one experience the growing of time, but everyday, living matter is exposed to the movement of it. Speed is vital to how time travel occurs. Without it, movement through time would not be possible. The rate and tempo of how something moves plays a chief role in how humans experience time (Lamb 1). Lamb explains that â€Å"Time will pass more slowly the closer one approaches the unbreakable cosmic speed limit we call the speed of light† (1). For example, the hands of a clock on a speeding vehicle will move more slowly than those of a motionless clock (Bonsor 1). The main idea is that the clock on the speeding vehicle would have been slowed by billionths of a second compared to that of the clock at standstill. Even though a traveler onboard the hurried vehicle wouldn’t notice the slight disparity, time dilation has ensured. Time dilation is a major backbone of the possibility of time travel and adheres to Einstein’s theory of relativity. According to Webster’s Dictionary, time dilation is â€Å"an observed difference of elapsed time between two observers which are moving relative to each other, or being differently situated from nearby gravitational masses. † However, Einstein displays that the theory of time dilation can be simplified into a concept easier to grasp. According to Nostradamus, â€Å"To measure the speed of time you need at least two objects that travel at different speeds. When they reunite, time has past differently for each object. † This theory supports how time is directly related to speed, which also associates with Relativity. The Einstein Theory of Relativity was a breakthrough in the laws of physics. To this day, the theory is a staple in the research of physicists across the globe. Relativity is simple, yet vital to supporting time travel. Nostradamus defines the theory as â€Å"According to this theory, time passes differently for celestial bodies that move at different velocities we ourselves are physical beings that inhabit a planet that moves with a fixed speed† (1). In other words, if any physical object strays close to the speed of light, then that object will pass through time slower compared to an object that lingers motionless (Notradamus 1). The central idea behind this law is that time is relative, not linear. Time is relative because there is no universal time. Time is constantly depending on other aspects. Time not only relates but depends on the speed and movement of the matter. Philosopher of science Pili Unofre explains how Relativity relates to time travel by reasoning that â€Å"His [Einstein] Theory of Relativity published in 1905, theoretically speculated that traveling close to the speed of light (300,000,000 meters per second) would physically alter time by dilating it† (1). Traveling at such an extreme rate of speed consequently expands and somewhat widens time. Hence â€Å"time dilation. † Einsteins theories perfectly abide by the laws of physics and are theoretically quite possible. For instance, there is a simple to explain how relativity and time dilation would allow one to travel into the future without contravening the laws of physics. Say there were two 25 year old men. One left earth on the year 2050 speeding into space at a velocity close to the speed of light. The other man, stayed on earth and lived through stationary time. The man speeding into space orbiting the earth does so for 5 years. However, how would one travel at such a speed? Surely some critical engineering and advanced scientific construction would be needed to build a machine capable of attaining speeds close to the speed of light. In order to â€Å"time travel† into the future, humans would need to produce an apparatus competent of reaching an almost impossible speed.

Friday, September 20, 2019

Theories Of Language Acquisition

Theories Of Language Acquisition This essay will deal with three theories of language acquisition: the linguistic theory, behaviourist theory and social interactionist theory. Each theory will include an explanation of the theory, a look at whether it is nativist or empirical, whether the evidence is more focused on competence or performance, the evidence supporting and criticising the theories and examples of how the theories apply to the areas of speech and language therapy will also be looked at. The concept of a language faculty was first proposed by Noam Chomsky in 1976 and suggested that humans have an innate knowledge of grammar which has two levels of linguistic processing; deep structure and surface structure. Level one incorporates phrase structure rules which are the basic relationships underlying all sentence organisation in all languages. Level two incorporates transformational rules that govern the rearrangement of the phrase structure rules based on a specific structure. He suggested that humans have a language acquisition device -replaced by Universal Grammar in his later work- that allows us to create symbols and organise communicative expressions. Harley (2008). He argues that it is acquired at a time when the childs intellectual capabilities are not yet developed and therefore cannot be dependent on cognition. Harley (2008) Recently Chomsky has revised some of his previous claims and his more recent approaches are the Minimalist Program and the Principles and Parameters theory. Chomsky refers to the idea of parameter setting to explain the acquisition of different languages, that exposure to a specific language is constrained by switches that are set off within a certain environment. Harley (2008). An example of a parameter setting is whether a language is pro-drop or not. If a child is exposed to a pro-drop language such as Italian or Spanish they automatically know that they are allowed to drop the pronoun, whereas an English language learner will have the parameter setting at non-pro-drop, and keep the pronoun. According to Chomsky, as cited in Harley (2008) the language faculty should involve a cognitive system that holds information, and a performance system that can use this information. Competence-which is a persons knowledge of language involving the rules of grammar-, is favoured over performance within linguistic theory. The focus of language learning in linguistic theory is on the child. Unlike in behaviourism, the environment does not shape or train verbal behaviour. Berko Gleason (2005). Nativists follow the idea that language is much too complex a process to learn and that it is learnt at such a fast rate, that it would be impossible for it not to be innate. Lennebergs critical period hypothesis states that language development occurs during a critical period of a childs life and that certain linguistic events must take place in order for it to progress. Harley (2008). However, evidence from second language acquisition research shows that this can be true for phonological and syntactic development, but research has shown that it is not a perfect test of the critical theory hypothesis overall, as second language learners will have already acquired a first language. Harley (2008). Supporting evidence cross-linguistically shows that regardless of the word order of a language, subject-object order is followed by children, which proves the existence of a language acquisition device universally. Berko Gleason (2005). If children are deprived of linguistic input during the critical period, studies have shown they are unable to acquire language normally, as is the case with Genie. Genie was a normal child who suffered extreme abuse in her home and spent most of her time tied up in isolation, so she was unexposed to speech from a young age. Because of this abuse, she was deprived physically and socially and her linguistic skills were undeveloped. When she was taken into care at almost 14 years of age, Genie was taught language but she never reached full fluency. She learned certain syntactic structures but her case proves that a limited amount of language can be learnt once the critical period has been passed. Harley (2008) Contrary evidence claims that just language alone is not sufficient to acquire language, that input is necessary and that the influence of environmental factors cannot be ignored. Pinkers (1984) poverty of stimulus idea offers that just because someone cannot imagine how a particular behaviour might have been learned, it does not mean it was not learned. Berko Gleason (2005) Chomsky does not focus on the link between syntax and semantics though he does refer to it in his book Syntactic structures with the quote colourless green ideas sleep furiously which shows an example of a syntactically correct sentence lacking meaning. In terms of how linguistic theory applies to the area of speech and language therapy, an explanation of aphasia and agrammatism is necessary. Aphasia is a language disorder that results from brain damage caused by disease, stroke or brain trauma. The main characteristics of one type of aphasia, Brocas, are; the speech being telegraphic, which means that articles, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliary verbs and pronouns and morphological inflections are omitted. Agrammatism is a feature of BrocaÂÂ ´s aphasia and the various linguistic theories that deal with agrammatism are; trace deletion hypothesis, theta assigning principle, double dependency hypothesis and tree pruning hypothesis. Edwards (2005).One of these theories, the tree pruning hypothesis, is an example of how the syntax of a language can be affected. The impairment occurs on the highest nodes of the syntactic tree and in English, this means that Wh questions and yes/no questions are affected, although in other languag es, it can vary. The impairments are in word order, in embedded clauses and inflection for tense. Edwards (2005). While a syntactic explanation for language impairments in BrocaÂÂ ´s aphasia and agrammatism can show what needs to be worked on in therapy, the exact nature of the deficits are different depending on whether it is a production or comprehension deficit so the speech and language therapy case management plan would have to be modified depending on which one it is. In contrast to the linguistic emphasis on language use, the behavioural emphasis was mainly developed by the psychologist BF Skinner in his book Verbal Behaviour (1957).His basic premise is that children learn to talk because of imitation and reinforcement. Despite many variants of hypotheses concerning behaviourism, most theories consist of the idea that language is a subset of a behaviour which is learned through connections between a stimulus and a response. Owens (2008). They agree that there are some internal connections with language learning in the brain yet disagree with the idea of specific internal structures and suggest further research is necessary to understand the processes. Berko Gleason (2005) In comparison to linguistic theory where the focus is on competence, performance is highlighted more in behaviourism. Skinner (1957) described language as being something we do and that it is a learned behaviour like any other skill. Contrary to nativists, he claimed that syntactic forms were not important and defined language as verbal behaviour since a child is unable to create a rule and thus shaped by external stimuli (parents). The idea that language is a learnt behaviour opposes that of nativism. Skinner (1957) claimed that parental reinforcement allows a child to acquire language and that it is a process of imitation that a child must work at. In this model, children are seen as passive recipients of language training and it is suggested by Skinner that the child has no active role in acquisition. According to Whitehurst and Novak (1973) after a lot of trial-and-error modelling the adult role-models in the environment-by shaping and imitation training-reinforcement and punishment will improve childrens speech output. An example of this reinforcement is soothing or attending to the child when they produce correct speech sounds. It is said that with enough sound samples, the child will learn a word association pattern rather than rules of grammar. Owens (2008). What is suggested is that language behaviour is shaped by the environment and not governed by rules or maturation, unlike in Chomskys generativist a pproach. Supporting evidence for behaviourism include studies of both disordered and normal children. Since Skinners research, environmental input is considered an essential part of the acquisition of language, despite Chomskys conclusion that Skinners work was premature. Owens (2008). Lovaass (1977) advancement with behavioural modification of children with autism has shown that techniques such as shaping and reinforcement assist children with restricted speech abilities. It should be noted that despite this discovery, it is unclear how the acquisition process differs between normal and disordered children. In a 1968 study by Palermo and Eberhart, adults were shown to follow the same learning patterns as children, when they were taught an artificial language. Evidence against behaviourism shows that while lab studies on adults show positive results, they do not provide a full explanation on how children acquire language since they are not done in a childs environment. Adults also provide a poor model of imitation as their grammar is full of errors, dialects and slang. What this shows is that children do not copy parents because how could they select correct speech over erroneous speech? Additionally, research by Brown and Hanlon from 1970 shows that children are not punished or rewarded for using certain utterances and the main focus of correction or reward is more on the semantics than the syntax. What this shows is that in behaviourism, input is focused on excessively and is inadequate at explaining the full gamut of what is required to learn a language. Berko Gleason (2005) As previously mentioned, behaviourism has been useful in speech and language therapy in the area of autism. With the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS), communication for children with autism can be vastly improved and act as an aid in devising strategies for solving issues and improving the standard of living for people. The interactionist approach puts forward the idea that a variety of factors influence the language development of a child, while using a mix of the linguistic and behavioural approaches. There are three different approaches concerning interactionism; Piagets cognitive theory, information processing and the social interactionist theory. Piagets interactive approach focuses on constructivism, which is the idea that linguistic structures are the emergent properties of language. His idea that childrens processes are essentially different to adults would also have an effect on language acquisition. The second approach sees cognition as being computational, deriving patterns from data while assuming the mind as a type of software and the brain as hardware. The third approach is one that will be focused on here and it concerns the social interactionist theory. According to Vygotsky (1962) cognitive and social factors can influence the development of language acquisition, which in turn can have a reciprocal influence on cognition and social abilities. Social interactionists believe that children influence their parents in their acquisition of language and that they and the language environment work together as a dynamic system. Berko Gleason (2005) In terms of competence and performance, interactionists need more performance input than what is suggested by generativists. Parents must provide the communication aids that children need in order to acquire language. According to Vygotsky (1962) language is only initially something used for young children to interact socially and is only developed over time to become something else. Interactionists also believe that maturation and cognition are an essential part of language acquisition and that until a child is at a certain level of cognition; they will be unable to acquire language. Similar to behaviourists, the environment is where interactionists believe language skills appear, but more emphasis is placed on social development than on Piagets cognitive development. Non-linguistic elements (turn-taking, mutual gaze and joint attention) are necessary for social development along with motherese, or child-directed speech (CDS) which is a specific way of speaking to children that differs to how adults communicate with one another. Bruner, as cited in Harley (2008) claims language development occurs within a language acquisition socialization system (LASS) which contains these innate non-linguistic elements. In positively evaluating this theory, those in favour, believe that CDS is an assisting factor in child language acquisition. This is confirmed by studies of fourteen different languages and proves that infants have preference over this kind of speech. In a study by De Casper and Fifer from 1980, infants are found to prefer their own Mothers CDS over another Mothers CDS. Berko Gleason (2005). In a study cited in Berko Gleason (2005), by Tomasello and Farrar from (1986), it appears that Mothers who focus on the object of their childs gaze have children who speak their first words earlier and also have larger vocabularies. Despite positive evidence from studies, detailed analysis on how development is influenced by social interactions is insufficient. As already mentioned, evidence suggests further testing is needed in the area of social interactionism. An explanation for the lack of detail is provided by Berko Gleason (2005) and suggests two of the issues with this theory are that it does not exist in all languages, and it has not been in existence for the same length of time as other theories, so may not have the counter evidence to compare it to. To date, studies have shown the difference of features between CDS and adult-like speech, yet the existence of these patterns does not prove the assistance in the acquisition of language for children. A suggestion is made by Baker and Nelson, cited in Berko Gleason (2005) that it is difficult to know whether language development is caused by parents lack of communication or childrens. Research of language delays in neglected children suggest that the childrens impairments may de-motivate parents with the result being neglectful parenting. An example where social interactionism can assist in the area of speech and language therapy is the previously mentioned example of Genie. Genies experience of neglect highlights the evidence that the correct environment is necessary for language learning, that a specific social context is required for normal language learning to occur. This knowledge can assist in the assessment and evaluation of a neglected child. Another example, such as the Hanen programme, is based on the social interactionist model where parents facilitate language learning in everyday situations, but as it requires a lot of parental input at home, it may be a difficult kind of intervention to apply in practice. To conclude the social interactionist analysis, this approach takes from both the linguistic theory in terms of children having an innate specialized language device and from the behaviourist theory; it values the influence of the environment on language acquisition. This essay looked at three theories of language acquisition: the linguistic theory, behaviourist theory and social interactionist theory. Each theory included an explanation of the theory, discussed whether it took a nativist or empirical approach and whether the evidence was more focused on competence or performance. The evidence supporting and criticising the theories was included along with examples of how the theories applied to the areas of speech and language therapy.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Sole Proprietorship vs. General Partnership vs. Corporation :: essays research papers

A sole proprietorship is a type of business that is owned and operated by one person who is responsible for all the debts. Forming the business is really easy to start off with. Also the owner receives all the profit from the business and is his or her own boss. The down side to owning a sole proprietor business of your own is it is really hard to find sources for funding the business for it to grow and expand. An example of a local proprietor business is Martha’s Kitchen. Martha’s kitchen is a really small restaurant on the outskirts of town. Martha chose to open a diner at her location because it is joined with a gas station and it is in a remarkable location for a restaurant business. Martha’s kitchen is open from 5:30 a.m. to 11:00 p.m. She serves the best peach cobbler around. A general partnership is when two or more persons decide to share the responsibility of operating a business together. The partners are also equally responsible for all the company debts incurred by each partner. The combined partners in the business allow the business to grow very easy because it is very easy to find sources for funding and investors. The biggest disadvantage that a general partnership has is the difficulty of transferring ownership or selling out because of having the consent of the other partners. An example of a local general partnership is Rest My Friend Lawn Care. The lawn care business originated as a sole proprietor but now it is a family business with several partners. Blake, Larry, and Tracy chose this type of business because they were able to invest in the business and to this day they are making a great profit out of the business. Corporations are the biggest type of business out of all three. Corporations are considered to be separate from the owners and they are liable for their own debts. When investors invest in a business they are held liable for only what they invest in the company in event of failure.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Online Community Experience :: Personal Experience Blogs Message Boards Essays

Online Community Experience In order to gain a better perspective of online communities I had no other choice but to join one. I looked at several different sites such as MSN.com and YAHOO.com that had discussion boards available to join but I just couldn’t find one that fit my interests. I then logged onto MTV.com where I found a discussion board all about my favorite TV show: The Real World. The board was a community of people who shared a common interest in the show and could come together to discuss its characters and storyline. I am a faithful watcher of The Real World. The show is about seven very different people who are chosen to live together in a house for six months. Each season is set up in a different city. The cast members must get a job which is usually set up by the show and everything that they do is taped. The current season of The Real World is being aired in Las Vegas, Nevada. The cast has been given a job at a local night club where their main objective is to entertain the guests. The cast is taped while they are eating, sleeping, working, and playing. The tapes are then edited to a certain degree and aired every Tuesday night at ten o’clock p.m. It is a very controversial television show aired on MTV that brings up topics such as race, sex, and homosexuality. This discussion board is in outlet for those who feel the need to voice their opinion to others who watch the show. People are drawn to the message board through their common interest in The Real World. In order to post on the discussion board the user must create a username but it is not necessary if you would just like to read the postings. The creation of a username is a way for people to show their self-expression or give the other members an idea of who they are. While reading posts you are able to see who is online at that exact moment. Another feature of this discussion board is that when you post a thread or respond to a posting, you can choose an icon or animation that describes your mood at that time. The icon appears next to your name in the posting display. Online Community Experience :: Personal Experience Blogs Message Boards Essays Online Community Experience In order to gain a better perspective of online communities I had no other choice but to join one. I looked at several different sites such as MSN.com and YAHOO.com that had discussion boards available to join but I just couldn’t find one that fit my interests. I then logged onto MTV.com where I found a discussion board all about my favorite TV show: The Real World. The board was a community of people who shared a common interest in the show and could come together to discuss its characters and storyline. I am a faithful watcher of The Real World. The show is about seven very different people who are chosen to live together in a house for six months. Each season is set up in a different city. The cast members must get a job which is usually set up by the show and everything that they do is taped. The current season of The Real World is being aired in Las Vegas, Nevada. The cast has been given a job at a local night club where their main objective is to entertain the guests. The cast is taped while they are eating, sleeping, working, and playing. The tapes are then edited to a certain degree and aired every Tuesday night at ten o’clock p.m. It is a very controversial television show aired on MTV that brings up topics such as race, sex, and homosexuality. This discussion board is in outlet for those who feel the need to voice their opinion to others who watch the show. People are drawn to the message board through their common interest in The Real World. In order to post on the discussion board the user must create a username but it is not necessary if you would just like to read the postings. The creation of a username is a way for people to show their self-expression or give the other members an idea of who they are. While reading posts you are able to see who is online at that exact moment. Another feature of this discussion board is that when you post a thread or respond to a posting, you can choose an icon or animation that describes your mood at that time. The icon appears next to your name in the posting display.

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Love vs. Infatuation

Do you remember the first time you gave any serious thought to the meaning of love? As a youngster you may have carved entwined hearts on a tree or scrawled them on a notebook. For many of you, the words â€Å"I love you† flowed easily during high school dating experiences, but for others the sentiment was unspoken or virtually unknown. We can remember as teenagers talking about love with our peers and wondering how we would know when it happened. At times we felt certain that what we were feeling was love—only to decided, in light of the broken romance, that it was just â€Å"infatuation.† Occasional discussion with adults elicited a series of homilies about not letting the heart rule the head. A married cousin, perhaps speaking from experience, advised, â€Å"Never date anyone you wouldn’t consider marrying.† The point was clear: one might fall in love with someone with whom marriage was inappropriate. Parental words of wisdom ranged from â€Å"It’s as easy to fall in love with a rich person as a poor one† to â€Å"Don’t worry about it. When love hits, you’ll know it.† None of this advice seemed very helpful. Even so, we all knew that whatever love was, it was very serious (Hinkle, 2001). Popular songs, films, and novels were just as confusing. Literature classes exposed us to the peculiarities of love as experienced, for example, by Dante and Beatrice—the love that inspired Dante’s Divine Comedy. As a child, Dante saw Beatrice once and never recovered from the passion he felt. He married someone else and had seven children, but in his poems he mentions only Beatrice. II. Discussion A. What is love and infatuation? How does it differ from each other? Every individual desires to have his/her own partner in life; thus, desires to be loved and to loved. This is the reason why young people and older ones indulge in courtship to seek love and find a potential partner for marriage. This motivates everyone to watch romantic movies and read novels that show two people who are head-over-heels in love with each other. But are they really experiencing the true meaning of love or is it just an infatuation? Many young people thought that it is already love when the time they feel something for the opposite sex but most often, it is just an infatuation. So how can a person know that what he/she feels is love or just an infatuation? Love is basically giving your all in all unselfishly. The best description of love can be found in the Bible on 1st Corinthians 13: 4-8): â€Å"Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no records of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   protects, always trusts, always hopes, always perseveres. Love never fails†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This would simply mean that love is not based on feelings but based on decision and commitment. Loving someone who has many flaws is a decision to make. Love is the all-purpose cure, covering all wrongs. It is worth searching for. It should be expressed openly. When you really love someone, you accept him for who he is regardless of his past. You do not only accept him because of his strengths and his personality but as a whole that includes his totality as a person.   Moreover, love is wondrous state, deep, tender and reassuring. Because of its intimate and personal nature it is regarded by some as an improper topic for experimental research (Harlow, 2003). On the other hand, infatuation is the opposite of love. The true concept of love is misinterpreted. This is usually happening to the young ones who are very emotional due to their being young. Young people are mostly motivated by emotions; thus, they make decisions very quickly without logic but by feelings alone. They thought that the excessive passion they feel for the opposite sex is already love but it is not and basically just an infatuation. Infatuation is an excessive passion for the other person. Its ground is how the person feels for the opposite sex basically does not involve logic, decision and commitment because when he discovers some flaws and weaknesses, he immediately get discourage for that person. That is why we sometimes hear the line â€Å"I am falling out of love† for those people who are just infatuated. III. Conclusion Infatuation can be viewed as a temporary, aroused sate that we cognitively labels as love. The strong affection of companionate love, which often emerges as a relationship matures, is enhanced by an equitable relationship and by intimate self-disclosure. True love sustains the marriage. No matter how life difficult is, the two people who are committed and bind with love can survive the storms of their relationship. Moreover, love is based on a decision and commitment. It accepts the flaws of other’s behalf. Love can cover multitudes of wrongs and easily forgives. In establishing a relationship, love is very important and significant because if there is no love, the relationship cannot continue. While infatuation is based on feelings; thus, it fluctuates when it sees mistakes and flaws. It does not endure hardships. You can love the person now and the next day, you may not feel loving him anymore; thus, the special feelings you have for your partner is just based on â€Å"emotions† which is usually called as â€Å"infatuation.† Young individuals must not rush in making decisions in getting married but must think million times. Therefore, infatuation is a counterfeit of love. Reference: Harlow, Harry (2003). â€Å"The nature of Love.† American Psychologist 13:673-685. Hinkle, Dennis E., & Sporakowski Michael J. (2001). Attitudes toward Love: A Reexamination.† Journal of Marriage and the Family 37: 764-767. Love. 1st Corinthians 13: 4-8. The Student Bible. New International Version.       Love vs. Infatuation Do you remember the first time you gave any serious thought to the meaning of love? As a youngster you may have carved entwined hearts on a tree or scrawled them on a notebook. For many of you, the words â€Å"I love you† flowed easily during high school dating experiences, but for others the sentiment was unspoken or virtually unknown. We can remember as teenagers talking about love with our peers and wondering how we would know when it happened. At times we felt certain that what we were feeling was love—only to decided, in light of the broken romance, that it was just â€Å"infatuation.† Occasional discussion with adults elicited a series of homilies about not letting the heart rule the head. A married cousin, perhaps speaking from experience, advised, â€Å"Never date anyone you wouldn’t consider marrying.† The point was clear: one might fall in love with someone with whom marriage was inappropriate. Parental words of wisdom ranged from â€Å"It’s as easy to fall in love with a rich person as a poor one† to â€Å"Don’t worry about it. When love hits, you’ll know it.† None of this advice seemed very helpful. Even so, we all knew that whatever love was, it was very serious (Hinkle, 2001). Popular songs, films, and novels were just as confusing. Literature classes exposed us to the peculiarities of love as experienced, for example, by Dante and Beatrice—the love that inspired Dante’s Divine Comedy. As a child, Dante saw Beatrice once and never recovered from the passion he felt. He married someone else and had seven children, but in his poems he mentions only Beatrice. II. Discussion A. What is love and infatuation? How does it differ from each other? Every individual desires to have his/her own partner in life; thus, desires to be loved and to loved. This is the reason why young people and older ones indulge in courtship to seek love and find a potential partner for marriage. This motivates everyone to watch romantic movies and read novels that show two people who are head-over-heels in love with each other. But are they really experiencing the true meaning of love or is it just an infatuation? Many young people thought that it is already love when the time they feel something for the opposite sex but most often, it is just an infatuation. So how can a person know that what he/she feels is love or just an infatuation? Love is basically giving your all in all unselfishly. The best description of love can be found in the Bible on 1st Corinthians 13: 4-8): â€Å"Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no records of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   protects, always trusts, always hopes, always perseveres. Love never fails†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This would simply mean that love is not based on feelings but based on decision and commitment. Loving someone who has many flaws is a decision to make. Love is the all-purpose cure, covering all wrongs. It is worth searching for. It should be expressed openly. When you really love someone, you accept him for who he is regardless of his past. You do not only accept him because of his strengths and his personality but as a whole that includes his totality as a person.   Moreover, love is wondrous state, deep, tender and reassuring. Because of its intimate and personal nature it is regarded by some as an improper topic for experimental research (Harlow, 2003). On the other hand, infatuation is the opposite of love. The true concept of love is misinterpreted. This is usually happening to the young ones who are very emotional due to their being young. Young people are mostly motivated by emotions; thus, they make decisions very quickly without logic but by feelings alone. They thought that the excessive passion they feel for the opposite sex is already love but it is not and basically just an infatuation. Infatuation is an excessive passion for the other person. Its ground is how the person feels for the opposite sex basically does not involve logic, decision and commitment because when he discovers some flaws and weaknesses, he immediately get discourage for that person. That is why we sometimes hear the line â€Å"I am falling out of love† for those people who are just infatuated. III. Conclusion Infatuation can be viewed as a temporary, aroused sate that we cognitively labels as love. The strong affection of companionate love, which often emerges as a relationship matures, is enhanced by an equitable relationship and by intimate self-disclosure. True love sustains the marriage. No matter how life difficult is, the two people who are committed and bind with love can survive the storms of their relationship. Moreover, love is based on a decision and commitment. It accepts the flaws of other’s behalf. Love can cover multitudes of wrongs and easily forgives. In establishing a relationship, love is very important and significant because if there is no love, the relationship cannot continue. While infatuation is based on feelings; thus, it fluctuates when it sees mistakes and flaws. It does not endure hardships. You can love the person now and the next day, you may not feel loving him anymore; thus, the special feelings you have for your partner is just based on â€Å"emotions† which is usually called as â€Å"infatuation.† Young individuals must not rush in making decisions in getting married but must think million times. Therefore, infatuation is a counterfeit of love. Reference: Harlow, Harry (2003). â€Å"The nature of Love.† American Psychologist 13:673-685. Hinkle, Dennis E., & Sporakowski Michael J. (2001). Attitudes toward Love: A Reexamination.† Journal of Marriage and the Family 37: 764-767. Love. 1st Corinthians 13: 4-8. The Student Bible. New International Version.      

Monday, September 16, 2019

Chemistry Questionnaire Essay

What is meant by the term cis-trans isomerism? How many cis-trans isomers are present in Structure I? Draw any 2 possible cis-trans isomers. (iii) State the physical state of this lipid at room temperature. Explain your answer. [9] (b) Suggest a possible identity for each of the organic compounds A-E below. Explain your reasoning and write balanced equations for the reactions involved where possible. i) A, C11H14O2 is a neutral compound. Hydrolysis of A gives B, C7H6O2 which is a white precipitate and C, C4H10O which does not decolourise acidified potassium manganate(VII) on heating. (ii) D, C4H10O2 reacts with 2 moles of sodium metal, but not with solid sodium carbonate. On boiling under reflux with aqueous potassium manganate(VII), D gives a compound, E, C4H6O3. E reacts with alkaline aqueous iodine to give a yellow precipitate and evolves carbon dioxide when solid sodium carbonate is added. Draw structural formulae of the products of the reactions between glutamic acid and I aqueous NaOH II aqueous HCl (ii) Draw the structural formula of a dipeptide formed between glutamic acid and phenylalanine, showing the ionic form in which it would exist at pH 10. [4] [Total: 20] 5 3 (a) Iron(III) chloride is a dark brown solid which dissolves in water to give an acidic solution. This solution is used to etch, i. e. dissolve, unwanted copper from printed circuit boards. When a copper-coated printed circuit board is immersed in aqueous iron(III) chloride, the solution turns greenish blue. i) Explain, with the aid of an equation, why aqueous iron(III) chloride is acidic. (ii) Use the Data Booklet to explain why iron(III) chloride etches copper. Give a relevant equation to explain the greenish blue solution observed. (iii) Suggest what happens to the overall E0 value if the thickness of the copper coating is increased. Anhydrous aluminium chloride behaves similarly as anhydrous iron(III) chloride in that they sublime readily when heated. When 1. 56 g of aluminium chloride was placed in an evacuated vessel of volume 1. 00 dm3 at 1800C, the pressure produced was 32. kPa. (i) Calculate the apparent relative molecular mass of the aluminium chloride under the stated conditions. (ii) In the vapour phase, aluminium chloride partially exists as a dimer. Using your answer obtained for b(i), calculate the percentage of the dimer under the stated conditions. (iii) Suggest a reason why the dimerisation process of aluminium chloride is exothermic. 6 (iv) Predict, giving a reason in each case, the effect on the proportion of dimer in the equilibrium mixture if I the pressure is lowered, II the temperature is lowered. MgO(s) + CO2(g) ?H? = +117 kJ mol-1; ?S? = +175 J mol-1 K-1 8 (i) Why does the entropy increase when magnesium carbonate decomposes? (ii) Calculate the standard Gibbs free energy change, ? G? , for the decomposition of magnesium carbonate. Comment on the spontaneity of the decomposition of magnesium carbonate at room temperature. (iii) Assuming that ? H? and ? S? for the reaction are independent of temperature, calculate the temperature at which the decomposition reaction becomes feasible. (iv) Compare the ease of thermal decomposition of magnesium carbonate with barium carbonate. [8] Turn over 4 (d) Suggest a simple chemical test to distinguish between each pair of compounds. For each test, give reagents and conditions, and state what would be seen with each compound. The dissociation reactions and Ka values of carbonic acid are given below. H2CO3 HCO3- + H+ Ka1 = 4. 2 x 10-7 mol dm-3 HCO3- CO32 – + H+ Ka2 = 4. 8 x 10-11 mol dm-3 0. 10 mol dm-3 aqueous NaOH is added slowly to 20. 0 cm3 of carbonic acid and the change in pH is followed and shown below. pH x x B x A x x 10 20 30 40 10 Vol of aqueous NaOH added / cm3 (i) Calculate the initial pH of the carbonic acid, stating any assumptions you make. (ii) Calculate the pH at the first equivalence point, A. (iii) What is the pH at point B? Give a reason for your answer. [6] [Turn over 5 (b) Maintenance of pH is vital to the cells of all living organisms because enzyme activity is influenced by pH. For instance, protection from harmful pH change in the blood plasma is provided by the hydrogencarbonate/carbonic acid system (HCO3-/H2CO3). At 370C, the temperature of the human body, pH of blood plasma is 7. 4. i) Explain, with relevant equations, how the hydrogencarbonate/carbonic acid system regul ates the pH of blood plasma. (ii) Calculate the ratio of [HCO3-]/[H2CO3] for maintaining the optimum pH of blood plasma. [4] (c) Describe two differences in physical properties between transition metals and a s-block metal such as magnesium, suggesting reasons for these differences based on their atomic structures. [3] 11 (d) The oxidation of manganese(IV) oxide in alkaline solution in air produces green manganate(VI) ion, MnO42-. When manganate(VI) is added to a dilute acid, a purple solution and dark brown solid manganese(IV) oxide reforms.

Sunday, September 15, 2019

Disaster of Bangladesh

This article is about the distressing incident which took place in Bangladesh where 228 people died in the fall down of eight storey’s Rana Plaza. Rana Plaza had shops, offices and factories crowded with many people. But due to its substandard construction building got collapsed and fell down killing many people. While many of them got trapped and seriously wounded and the Bangladeshi government confirmed a day of national grief.Rana Plaza contained four garment factories which were supplying economical garments to global retailers like Primark and Bonmarchà © with their western customer base. Even it was announced that the building is no safer for work and needs to be evacuated on immediate basis but New Wave workers were forced to work in order to fulfill the orders of Primark and Bonmarchà ©. Initially both British companies accepted that New Wave was among their suppliers and committed to offer the possible support but later on refused to take any kind of responsibility in this regard.In the opinion of retail consultants and other professionals both of the companies are responsible to inspect and monitor the minimum working standards and overall conditions in which their designs and products are being produced as they are earning revenues by selling the same products. The cheap labour and workers who are working in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, SriLanka etc have the similar rights as of western workers and they should be equally acknowledged for their profession and work.Most of the big retailers like Primark, Bonmarchà © are outsourcing their products from under developed countries and their customers are getting benefits too of buying low priced items. The Government of Bangladesh and all under developed countries have to implement strict standards for construction of factories, industrial and commercial buildings in order to avoid such disasters. On the other hand the Governments of big retailers have to impose certain statutory regulations whic h will protect their manufacturers/suppliers in countries like Bangladesh.Lastly consumers have to play their role by using the purchasing power to force big retailers to follow a book of rule. I would like to add similar incidents which happened in the factories, commercial and residential buildings of Pakistan. Garment factories in the Pakistani cities of Karachi and Lahore caught fire on 11 September 2012. The fires occurred in a textile factory in the western part of Karachi and in a shoemaking factory in Lahore.The fires are considered to be the most deadly and worst industrial factory fires in Pakistan's history, killing 257 people and seriously injuring more than 600. The garment factory â€Å"Ali Enterprises†, which is located in Plot 67, Hub Road, Baldia Town, Karachi, used to export its garments to Europe and the United, and had employed between 1,200 and 1,500 workers. Ali Enterprises manufactured denim, knitted garments, and hosiery, and had capital of between $10 million and $50 million.Workers at Ali Enterprises said they earned between 5,000 and 10,000 rupees ($52 to $104) a month for their labour. Margalla Towers Islamabad, Pakistan got collapsed in year 2005. All of these incidents usually take place in developing countries due to the negligence of building owners, lack of construction standards, corruption and lack of governance. Conclusion: The only solution is to build and construct the industrial factories by following international construction standards in order to avoid such disasters.And international retailers should be very careful in selecting their production partners in order to have smooth supply chain function. The most sensible conclusion is to accept that responsibility is shared between companies and consumers. Put simply, all of us have a duty. â€Å"If we want to wear cheap clothes, which are made by people who work in these conditions, then there’s a moral responsibility for us as well as for the brands,â₠¬  says Ms Lissaman. Disaster of Bangladesh This article is about the distressing incident which took place in Bangladesh where 228 people died in the fall down of eight storey’s Rana Plaza. Rana Plaza had shops, offices and factories crowded with many people. But due to its substandard construction building got collapsed and fell down killing many people. While many of them got trapped and seriously wounded and the Bangladeshi government confirmed a day of national grief.Rana Plaza contained four garment factories which were supplying economical garments to global retailers like Primark and Bonmarche with their western customer base. Even it was announced that the building is no safer for work and needs to be evacuated on immediate basis but New Wave workers were forced to work in order to fulfill the orders of Primark and Bonmarche. Initially both British companies accepted that New Wave was among their suppliers and committed to offer the possible support but later on refused to take any kind of responsibility in thi s regard.In the opinion of retail consultants and other professionals both of the companies are responsible to inspect and monitor the minimum working standards and overall conditions in which their designs and products are being produced as they are earning revenues by selling the same products. The cheap labour and workers who are working in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, SriLanka etc have the similar rights as of western workers and they should be equally acknowledged for their profession and work.Most of the big retailers like Primark, Bonmarche are outsourcing their products from under developed countries and their customers are getting benefits too of buying low priced items. The Government of Bangladesh and all under developed countries have to implement strict standards for construction of factories, industrial and commercial buildings in order to avoid such disasters. On the other hand the Governments of big retailers have to impose certain statutory regulations which will pr otect their manufacturers/suppliers in countries like Bangladesh.Lastly consumers have to play their role by using the purchasing power to force big retailers to follow a book of rule. I would like to add similar incidents which happened in the factories, commercial and residential buildings of Pakistan. Garment factories in the Pakistani cities of Karachi and Lahore caught fire on 11 September 2012. The fires occurred in a textile factory in the western part of Karachi and in a shoemaking factory in Lahore.The fires are considered to be the most deadly and worst industrial factory fires in Pakistan's history, killing 257 people and seriously injuring more than 600. The garment factory â€Å"Ali Enterprises†, which is located in Plot 67, Hub Road, Baldia Town, Karachi, used to export its garments to Europe and the United, and had employed between 1,200 and 1,500 workers. Ali Enterprises manufactured denim, knitted garments, and hosiery, and had capital of between $10 million and $50 million.Workers at Ali Enterprises said they earned between 5,000 and 10,000 rupees ($52 to $104) a month for their labour. Margalla Towers Islamabad, Pakistan got collapsed in year 2005. All of these incidents usually take place in developing countries due to the negligence of building owners, lack of construction standards, corruption and lack of governance. Conclusion: The only solution is to build and construct the industrial factories by following international construction standards in order to avoid such disasters.And international retailers should be very careful in selecting their production partners in order to have smooth supply chain function. The most sensible conclusion is to accept that responsibility is shared between companies and consumers. Put simply, all of us have a duty. â€Å"If we want to wear cheap clothes, which are made by people who work in these conditions, then there’s a moral responsibility for us as well as for the brands,† says Ms Lissaman.

Saturday, September 14, 2019

Geddes Garden City Essay

Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The American Political Economist who authored   the best read book titled Progress and Poverty (Lause) defined urbanization as â€Å"This life of great cities is not the natural life of man.   He must, under such conditions, deteriorate, physically, mentally, and morally â€Å".   To consider his point, the author view that life must be maintained in a serene atmosphere and not in a busy city just like those old good days that red beans or the cocoa is enough to send every household child to a good school.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Henry George began musing on this concept when the new railroad transport was developed in California that made an influence on high land values and influx of ordinary people to city life.   That development in one place brought about overcrowding and had wayward implications on the sustainability of the natural environment.   However, his idea provided economic reforms that made improvements of the life of the working classes possible.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cities are indications of developments and of the visible civilizations of the history of man.   It takes a process of transformation that is unique and at the same time diverse.   This work is aimed at explaining the town concepts during the period of industrialization from the beginning of mass transportation and birth of new cities in particular on how Geddes observed and analyze these processes. Sustainability of the Man-built Environment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It was concluded by Henry George that the man-built environment is something that will not last. However, Patrick Geddes the Leonardo da Vinci of the 20th century teaches and reaffirms that our world environment could be sustained provided that man cooperates in the process.   It has to be sustained in order that the life cycle of the young generation’s continues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   His statement is not a contradiction to George’s philosophy but a possible solution to man’s current problems.   His reaffirmation brought to the world a new hope that even though life cycle is limited, this world is still something worthy to be cared for and it can endure. The positive attitude of George influences not only his neighbors but the human settlement at large during his time to the present.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are issues on industrialization which brings wealth but at the same time destroys the natural environment caused by pollutants. For this reason, Geddes made it clear that man do not live by the jingling of his coins.   There is always a chain effect if one resource is used in accordingly.   He provided a solution written in the Evergreen book that a sustainable world is as simple as making it comfortably green.   His conviction reminded even planners that if developments are unchecked it would create more disaster than improvements.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Globally, everyone breathe the same air that a poor or a developed nation breathes.   The current concern do not deals alone with affordability but also sustainability. With the pressing trend of modernization, comfortable living is expensive and value for money is usually a rare find. The problem of overcrowding in the cities and the lack of economic growth in the rural areas still remains to be a problem on poorly planned cities.   The increase of deteriorating cities will lead to the decline of the global sustainability.   The idea here is to provide developmental options that are definitely relevant to every cities of the world. His mottos â€Å"by creating we think and by living we learn was made to good use by educating people about their environment (Grewar).† The new housing design for workers, organizing his neighbors to renovate houses and build gardens made an indelible mark in his works which can still be seen in every postcard of the city’s Royal Mile that even Albert Einstein admired and has honored him (Grewar). The Garden City Movement Patrick Geddes three dimensional thinking (geography, economics and anthropology) places social sciences above math and logic, biology, chemistry and physics.   His belief that† the earth as a cooperative planet must teach people on how to treat properly their environment and is aimed specifically on educating children, improving the physical quality of life through biological knowledge by producing better medicines, and understanding human influence on ecology (Killiecrankie).† Geddes bridging social sciences with biology even influenced his biographer Lewis Mumford on the simple idea that man just like plants and animals thrived in healthy conditions which are expressed in one of the extracts of Geddes writings; â€Å"The world is mainly vast leaf-colony, growing on and forming a leafy soil, not a mere mineral mass, and we live not by the jingling of our coins, but by the fullness of our harvest. This is green world, with animals comparatively small, and all independent upon leaves.   By leaves we live (Grewar).†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mumford an architectural critic and is particularly noted for his study on urbanization of the environment regarded technology as the destroyer of environment even if he qualifies that electricity could lead to the improvements of the social spheres (University).   His works are indications that technology must be regulated. During the late 18th century Garden Cities began to evolve through the works of city and town planners particularly the works of Ebenezer Howard in UK influenced by the philosophy of Geddes new approach in urban planning called the garden city movement.   Howard began to build self-sustaining towns that combines convenience and industries located on agricultural sites (â€Å"Sir Ebenezer Howard†).† Howard realizes that no matter from what nation a man belongs, there is but one social issue which is difficult to solve and that is problems on housing and labor. This propelled many to advocate the new movement and increases the awareness on the concept of â€Å"decency of surroundings† and that includes, ample spaces, clean housing with gardens, and preservation of landscapes (Letchworth). The First Garden City   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Letchworth City is founded by Howard and is the first garden city of the world; in 1905 the garden city movement became involved in the exhibits of new housing called the workers cottage or housing for the working class in which some of it still stood today. Those cheap but strong and functional residences can be affordable to workers.   Some of these cottages made of wood or concrete can still be found in Letchworth streets and is now being conserved.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some of the prototype housing called the workers cottages influences the human settlement design of this century.   This new housing designed sprawled even to the west for instance the workers cottages of Architect Maybeck of California and to the whole world at least giving man an accommodation that he humanly deserves. Mass Transportation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fast developments are due to improved transportation and communications.   The streets affect the life of all its inhabitants and this vision is very much encouraged in order to serve a huge population.   This is indeed very necessary but at the same time may lead to a city decline.   This entails thorough planning on how to maintain a good life in a cellular metropolis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Victor Gruen a planning practitioner, mentioned in his last publicized works that â€Å"auto sprawl would cripple the global ecosystem and brings about physical and psychological starvation of the urbanized man (Hill).†Ã‚   Today, some cities plants a good number of trees for every parking slots or spaces created.   Planning theories must be integrated to transit that is useful to automobile cities and providing more mass transit and more freeways.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Automobile cities, needs more spaces unlike the old horse tracks during the colonial times.   Human settlement today cannot tolerate a waste of space in places where living condition is dense.   Somehow, these dense spaces are capable of providing the maximum comfort for man by means of mechanical equipments in buildings. In this cities life is fast and expensive.   Technology is a provision for man’s comfort and not a means to enslave but more often than not it is the other way around.   However, there are many fast developing cities that is capable of coping with the new technology because work is valued in congruent with the dignity of man.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gruen proposes a plan that could justify economic productivity of big cities and at the same time create sub cities that would adapt to what he calls â€Å"megalopolitan sprawl†.   However, globalization could also mean going beyond ones land area.   There is still vast area of lands wanting to be developed. There are many nations that are in need to cope with the present dynamics of the new world technology.   And while there are other places where overpopulation is a problem there are affluent cities in the second millennium that the inverted population growth also presupposes danger. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the abstract written by Dr. Mervyn Miller, he mentioned the book written by the founder of Letchworth, â€Å"Tomorrow a Peaceful Path to Real Reform† written in 1898 is very much true to our society of today. He recalls that the garden city is a potent concept in the emergence of the 20th century cities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Contemporary planners addressed the issue by following the course of people like Geddes.   However, due to the increase in the demand on the lease to life, those familiar workers cottages are considered mini-mansions of many career oriented people of today.   Ample spaces are defined as functional spaces due to the ever increasing cost per area of construction in square foot or in meters.   Coping with life that is becoming unsustainable is becoming a depressing problem even more than how George views it in his time. The internationalist who believes that nothing is gained by overcrowding still support the issue on the green environment that is very relevant today.   However, there are trends that are still needed to be discovered and be rediscovered especially within the new technology along on how this new ideas can be within the reach of everyone.   The key here is what kind of technology should be provided to sustain the ordinary man of the streets. The approach that Geddes concept has provided in his time is for the working class of the industrialized period.   That became the reason why today’s environmentalist regarded Geddes a steward in land use and its sustainability. Today, a number of men with the same aspirations of those Internationalist described is very much needed.   This fast growing old planet needs people who are a hundred percent human beings in the middle of the electro- mechanical world. Works Cited Grewar, Mindy. â€Å"Vivendo Discimus: Everything in the Garden Is Magnifique for the Anniversary Celebrations of a Great Scot.†Ã‚   (2004). 11 April 2008 . Hill, David R. † Sustainability, Victor Gruen, and the Cellular Metropolis.†Ã‚   (2008). 11 April 2008 . Killiecrankie. â€Å"Patrick Geddes 1854-1932.†Ã‚   (2008). 11 April 2008 . Lause, Mark. â€Å"Henry George.† 11 April 2008 . Letchworth. â€Å"Letchworth the First Garden City †   (2007). 11 April 2008 . â€Å"Sir Ebenezer Howard.†Ã‚   (2007). 11 April 2008 . University, Regent. â€Å"Lewis Mumford (1895-1988).†Ã‚   (2007). 11 April 2008 . Â