Public vs. Private Healthcare in Canada Essay -- Healthcare, argumenta

The private human services framework is better than the general social insurance framework Being a Canadian resident, it is difficult for me to consider existence with no medical coverage. I have had general medical coverage for my entire life growing up and have been allowed to go to any emergency clinic whenever and get some type of medicinal services. Living in the United States off and throughout the previous 7 years I have encountered medicinal services from the two sides. I feel that private social insurance has enormous focal points over general human services. In the accompanying paper I will clarify in three focuses why I feel emphatically about private social insurance rather than open. What is better is consistently abstract, and I won't attempt to contend the purpose of wellbeing for all, yet rather for the person who is looking for the most ideal medicinal services, and is eager to place the assets into acquiring that. I will address effectiveness and quality, not consideration of everybody (free medicinal services), I will address the base of this and not sim ply that one contention, which would take away from my core interest. I won't get into the political discussion of communism versus private enterprise, as that is a different contention in itself, and this nation is at present running under free enterprise. Again originating from living in both a communist and afterward an entrepreneur society, I believe I can do as such in a fair way. Practicality in clinical consideration can be absolutely critical. Letting things progress can bring about a dangerous circle, where a minor disease, untreated wind up being perilous. With expanded harm brought about by ignoring human services, or looking out for a medicinal services supplier, the physical harm, and expenses related increment, regularly exponentially. For instance of the time productivity pr... ...s not safeguarded and I saw him battle with not being guaranteed and how he had wished he had focused on it to remain protected consistently. Nuala Kenny and Roger Chafe express that â€Å"Canadian human services is pushing toward privatization without proof that this will support productivity, value, cost regulation, or access †featuring the market's capacity to change the course of even the most esteemed social programs.† Canada has had general medicinal services for various years and now is taking a gander at including privatization once more. That would cause you to infer that private protection has a bigger number of points of interest than open protection. Private medicinal services is predominant than the general social insurance framework since it has effective treatment, better individual consideration and is cost productive. I feel that the communist human services framework debilitates an individual's capacity to arrive at a personal satisfaction.

King Williams War in America

Ruler Williams War in America Ruler James II went to the English seat in 1685. He was Catholic as well as ace French. Further, he had faith in the Divine Right of Kings. Contradicting his convictions and dreading the continuation of his line, driving British nobles called upon his child in-law William of Orange to take the seat from James II. In November 1688, William drove a fruitful intrusion with roughly 14,000 soldiers. In 1689 he was delegated William III and his significant other, who was James II girl, was delegated Queen Mary. William and Mary controlled from 1688 until 1694. The College of William and Mary was established in 1693 to pay tribute to their standard. Upon their intrusion, King James II ran away to France. This scene in British history is known as the Glorious Revolution. Ruler Louis XIV of France, another solid advocate of Absolute Monarchies and the Divine Right of Kings, favored King James II. At the point when he attacked the Rhenish Palatinate, William III of England joined the League of Augsburg against France. This started the War of the League of Augsburg, likewise called the Nine Years War and the War of the Grand Alliance. Start of King Williams War in America In America, the British and the French were at that point having issues as outskirts settlements battled for regional cases and exchanging rights. At the point when updates on war arrived at America, battling broke out vigorously in 1690. The war was alluded to as King Williams War on the North American landmass. At the time that the war began, Louis de Buade Count Frontenac was the Governor General of Canada. Lord Louis XIV arranged Frontenac to take New York so as to approach the Hudson River. Quebec, the capital of New France, solidified over in the winter, and this would permit them to keep on exchanging all through the winter months. The Indians got together with the French in their assault. They started to assault New York settlements in 1690, torching Schenectady, Salmon Falls, and Fort Loyal. New York and the provinces of New England consolidated in the wake of meeting in New York City in May 1690 to assault the French consequently. They assaulted in Port Royal, Nova Scotia, and Quebec. The English were halted in Acadia by the French and their Indian partners. Port Royal was taken in 1690 by Sir William Phips, the administrator of the New England armada. This was the capital of French Acadia and essentially gave up without quite a bit of a battle. By the by, the English ravaged the town. Be that as it may, it was retaken by the French in 1691. Significantly after the war, this occasion was a factor in the crumbling boondocks relations between the English and the French pilgrims. Assault on Quebec Phips cruised to Quebec from Boston with around thirty boats. He reached out to Frontenac requesting that he give up the city. Frontenac reacted to a limited extent: I will answer your general just by the mouths of my gun, that he may discover that a man like me isn't to be brought after this design. With this reaction, Phips drove his armada trying to take Quebec. His assault was produced using land as a thousand men landed to set up guns while Phips had four warships assault Quebec itself. Quebec was all around guarded both by its military quality and characteristic focal points. Further, smallpox was uncontrolled, and the armada came up short on ammo. At long last, Phips had to withdraw. Frontenac utilized this assault to support the strongholds around Quebec. After these bombed endeavors, the war proceeded for seven additional years. In any case, the majority of the activity found in America was as fringe attacks and clashes. The war finished in 1697 with the Treaty of Ryswick. The impacts of this arrangement on the provinces was to return things to business as usual before the war. The fringes of the regions recently guaranteed by New France, New England, and New York were to remain as they were before threats started. Nonetheless, showdowns kept on plagueing the wilderness after the war. Open threats would start again in a couple of years with the start of Queen Annes War in 1701. Sources:Francis Parkman, France, and England in North America, Vol. 2: Count Frontenac and New France Under Louis XIV: A Half-Century of Conflict, Montcalm,â and Wolfe (New York, Library of America, 1983), p. 196.Place Royale, https://www.loa.org/books/111-france-and-britain in-north-america-volume-two

How Cool is New York City COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

How Cool is New York City COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The title question for this entry does not have to do with temperature, it has to do with the international flavor of New York City. 40% of the people who live in New York City were not born in the United States. SIPA typically enrolls students that represent over 90 different countries. We also have many U.S. permanent residents enrolled each year so the number of countries students hail from is most likely well over 100 countries per year. New York City has a 311 telephone line that is meant to provide government information and non-emergency services. A fact you may not be aware of, the line provides immediate access to translation services in over 170 different languages. How cool is that?

The effect of the financial crash on Kazakhstans economy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 23 Words: 6899 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Financial Crises. Analysis of House prises in London and Almaty and how world financial crises affected Kazakhstans economy. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract 2 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The effect of the financial crash on Kazakhstans economy" essay for you Create order 1.0 Introduction 3 2.0 Background 5 3.0 Methodology 9 3.1 Research Philosophy and Approach 10 3.2 Research Strategy 10 3.3 Information Search 10 3.4 Research Questions 12 4.0 Literature Review 13 4.1 Kazakhstan 17 4.2 London 27 4.3 Subprime Crisis 37 4.4 Global Financial Sector 39 5.0 Evidence 41 6.0 Conclusion 48 7.0 Recommendations 50 Bibliography 57 Abstract The subprime market crisis that hit the financial markets in the summer of 2007 caused a series of negative market reactions on a global scale. The tightly entwined nature of world financial markets represents a global loop whereby occurrences in one market have implications in and for others. This factor has been and will continue to be one that triggers international financial incidents, and in some cases they result in what are termed as a crisis. A crisis is defined as an unstable or crucial time or state of affairs in which a decisive change is impending; especially :one with the distinct possibility of a highly undesirable outcome[1]. This describes the financial situation that forms the basis for this study, the subprime mortgage meltdown in the United States that hit the global stage in the Summer of 2007. In equating the ramifications of the preceding, two locales will serve as the focal point of the foregoing. London and Almaty are two examples that offer a distinct contrast in terms of where they sit in the global economic arena. London is located in the financial stable European Union, and is a city that has gone through differing economic turmoil in its long history. Almaty, is located in Kazakhstan, a new country that was borne out of the ashes of the break-up of the Soviet Union, and is seeking its economic identity through creating an infrastructure that is being crafted from the state run Soviet system that left few positives in its passing. The financial services sector is often a little understood arena owing to the complexities of how it operates within the context of international economic activity and the variables of the market economy. The intricate nature of the ties between differing regions, and how they interact upon one another represents a complex set of macro and micro economic aspects within which this crisis developed and impacted every corner of the globe. This study shall look into the manner in which this financial crisis affected the real estate markets in Almaty, Kazakhstan as well as London, England looking to uncover the why of this impact, along with the ramifications. 1.0 Introduction The tightly interlinked nature of the global economy has brought every corner of the globe closer together as a result of the advances in technology. This fact is also of course true for the financial services sector. In the later part of 2006 a financial issues began brewing in the United States as a result of lending activities in the home real estate sector. The underlying problems created from the lending of favourable interest rate loans that were put into motion by the Federal Reserve System in the United States to spur economic growth translated into a later meltdown as a result of defaults. The Secretary of the Treasury, Henry Paulson, Jr., stated that the situation came about because of some bad lending practices[2]. Timing, circumstances, and other factors in the complex web of national economics that are tied to global economics can generate an unpredictable set of occurrences that can mushroom in almost any direction. Such is the situation that befell the subprime mortgage arena as it reeled from a cascading series of events than impacted global markets. So great were the ramifications that the situation still threatens the U.S. economy. Fears of a recession have been forecast as a possible outcome of the downturn this situation contributed to. The discussion of what transpired in the United States is integral to understanding the wave of events that represent the focus of this study. There are those who believe that the foundation for the crisis was laid in good economic principles, and it was the greed of some operators in the U.S. financial sector that abused the directive with what is termed as predatory lending practices[3]. There are others who fault funds and banking systems for helping to fuel the underpinnings that lead to the crisis, and still others who think that such market shake outs are the way in which the international financial sector finds ways to deal with loose bolts within th e system[4]. Alexander et al (2002) tell us that[5]: Finding that some loans are more risky than others does not, by itself, imply a market inefficiency. Inefficiency exists only if loans with different risk receive similar interest rates. We document such an inefficiency. The ramifications of the tightly wound international financial system is that while it provides opportunities to make money, it also magnifies the downsides and loses money. Gains always have their negatives, thus financial mishaps have and will continue to happen. In understanding the subprime financial crisis, a broad number of topic areas will be covered herein to draw a picture of the matter in which financial markets work in this instance. One key aspect of the foregoing is liquidity. McGee[6] tells us The essence of a liquidity crisis is a flight from riskier assets to cash. In understanding the many contributing factors, one has to be mindful that this situation originated in the United States, thus there are other considerations that also factor into the equation. Financial crises situations are nothing new; they are market occurrences that appear on an all too frequent basis. Chi and Gai[7] provide a perspective on this: The spate of financial crises in emerging market economies as diverse as Brazil, Korea, Mexico, Russia, and Turkey, during the 1990s has focused attention on the importance of improving the policy framework for the management and prevention of crises. A distinctive feature of these modern crises has been the role of imbalances in the national balance sheet. Maturity, currency, and capital structure mismatches meant that the capital account took centre-stage, with large external financing gaps emerging as a result of unparalleled reversals of capital flows. Foreign investors wanted, and attempted, to withdraw from these countries at the same time, much like a run by depositors on a bank. Once sentiment soured sufficiently so that a critical mass of investors rushed to withdraw their claims, the crises became self-fulfilling as others found it rational to join the herd. The preceding situation represents a different financial crisis, however it does provide us with some valuable insights that will guide us through the varied aspects that will be discussed herein. The important part of their statement is the fact that risk represents an underpinning in financial transactions, thus risk is a situation to be minimised. A sense of the complexity of this examination is provided by Langley[8] who states: Any attempt to apprehend contemporary world finance encounters not only significant structural changes that cannot easily be captured, but also the predominance of neo-liberal political economy in framing our knowledge of world finance. Alternatives to the neo-liberal mode of knowledge of world finance are a necessary first step towards forestalling the worst eventualities of the current structural transformation. Neo-Liberalism represents a facet of this examination in that[9]: The most powerful coalitions between state agents and economic actors are found in liberal political economies. The Soviet Union offered an alternative to capitalism that theoretically emphasized economic justice and material welfare, one that intertwined economic and political power even more closely together than elites are thought to be in liberal capitalist states. Even so, the power of the economic agents of the Soviet state was more structurally constrained than the power of capitalist states and their agents. In a global economy, the underpinning foundation is capital, and the movement of that capital to effect borrowing and lending, along with the financial instruments that accompany such action[10]. Capital movements have cycles that are marked by up turns and down turns based upon the activities within markets and the decision of the cogs (individuals) that run the machinery. The foundation, influence, reasons and reasoning behind those decisions represent paths that lead in differing directions which impact other course of actions that create cycles. This study shall follow these paths as they related to the subprime crisis. 2.0 Background As indicated, the financial crisis under examination originated in the United States, starting as far back as 2002. The ramifications of that event shall be covered in the Literature Review of this examination. In setting up the path of understanding for the journey through the twists and turns of the crisis, a foundational pillar of understanding is necessary in order to see the varied ramifications. Carrada-Bravo[11] advises the process of creating value starts with the identification of a market need. Todays international financial system is an outgrowth of[12]: The collapse of the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates in the early 1970s marked the last major turning point in the evolution of global finance, ushering in the generalised non-system of exchange rate arrangements that survives today. However, at least as important in the development of international financial relations since then has been the enormous growth in the volume of international capital flows. In large part, this growth is attributable to the dismantling of the panoply of exchange controls introduced during the Bretton Woods era to facilitate exchange rate management by central banks under the auspices of the International Monetary Fund. In understanding the dynamics of the circumstances that comprise the comparison of events in London and Almaty, Makin[13] provides us with an important capsulisation of the underpinnings that will be brought out herein: The domestic financial markets of many economies have therefore been increasingly internationalised in the wake of liberalising policy initiatives implemented by governments around the world. Financial market liberalisation in many advanced economies was virtually complete by the late 1980s. With the removal of previously stringent regulations over domestic and international financial transactions, institutional barriers impeding the movement of financial capital between many regions of the world have now largely disappeared. Accompanying the domestic deregulatory changes were tighter prudential arrangements in advanced economies aimed at strengthening the capitalisation of banks and hence the stability of domestic financial systems. Such accompanying arrangements have been lacking in many emerging economies however and this has been a fundamental reason for recurrent financial crises in these economies The highly integrated nature of international financial markets as a result of globalisation has integrated national economies to the point that the world is virtually a seamless flow of capital. The foregoing, combined with the international liberalisation of world financial markets that arose out of Bretton Woods facilitated a dramatic increase in financial movements across borders that has been aided by advances in technology that have reduced transaction time, and lowering costs[14]. The increased efficiency of the preceding has helped to increase the pool of funds available for lending activities to all nations. Capital mobility is the underpinning for the preceding as fund availabilities can be quickly correlated. These advances have brought with them inherent problems, one of which is an important facet of the manner in which the subprime crisis impacted Almaty more than it did London. The following provides insight into an area that is an important point of understanding to b e remembered[15].: International money market activity of this order and the lightning speed at which funds can now quit countries has also prompted many commentators to question its worth and, in light of heightened vulnerability to foreign investor sentiment, to emphasise its perceived dangers. In particular, strong objections to the ever-increasing trend of financial globalisation have been raised on the grounds that the governments of the economies most affected have ceded their economic sovereignty to international investors. Thus, the actions of individuals within a market can start a feeding frenzy based upon the promise of available opportunities that seem to be available in the future to entice bankers into lending policies that incur the preceding. This is exactly what occurred in Almaty, as shall be explained in the Analysis. Given the aforementioned complexities involved in a discussion of this crisis. This background is being utilised to inject core issues that will be useful in understanding the circumstances and other areas to be explored. In finance, risk equates into a higher rate of return as fewer opportunities for borrowing are present. This has been a fundamental principle of lending since antiquity. High current account deficits along with rising foreign debt, means more risk, thus interest premiums must be charged. This makes the cost of money higher inside a country and acts as an inhibitor to borrowing. The preceding translates into the creditability of the borrower and the circumstances involved. Desai and Said[16] help us in understanding the relationships involved in international finance in term of how they apply to the countries in which London and Almaty are located in, which impacts the events that occurred: Financial crises, from the perspective of territorial order, arise because of a loss of control by sovereign states over financial markets and financial flows. The problem is invariably seen as one of inadequate regulation, the failure of governments either individually, or in concert with others, to exert sufficient control over the international economy. Economic agents have created patterns of activity which have escaped the control of governments. The response to these problems is to find ways of restoring the control of each sovereign state over these activities by increasing regulation. This may involve enforcing existing powers, or creating new institutions, either intergovernmental or national in their scope. In times of crisis, increased financial regulation is imposed either internally by the sovereign state, or externally by lending controls that make the cost of money more expressive, and thereby limits its use. This represents what Desai and Said[17] tell us is cosmopolitan order in global finance that: emphasises not state sovereignty but either market sovereignty or the sovereignty of capital accumulation. There are many different variants of the cosmopolitan conception of world order including neo-liberal, Marxist and Austrian strands but what all of them share is the assumption that the state and politics are subordinate to the way in which the economy is organised, whether this is the spontaneous market order of Hayek or the system of production relations of Marx. These structures determine how the society as a whole evolves and they supply its ordering principles. This means that states have to operate within fairly tight constraints, imposed by the way in which markets and accumulation work. They do not have much discretion in determining their responses. The growth of a global system of production and exchange, from the very first, tended to run ahead of states and national jurisdictions. It ended up undermining and circumscribing them. It has not destroyed them, but it has created powers, resources, networks and institutions which go far beyond them and which it is impossible for states to control without destroying the conditions for economic growth and prosperity and with them the fiscal basis for their own existence. World order is cosmopolitan rather than national in this sense. It is based not on states and intergovernmental co-operation, but on the logic of markets and capital accumulation. The preceding is another important central aspect that is a part of this study, in that it applies to Almaty, and how the subprime meltdown ripple effect was handled to bring about a correction in Kazakhstan. 3.0 Methodology The approach to this study utilised a number of techniques to approach the examination of how the United States subprime mortgage crisis impacted Almaty and London. The complexity of the situation entailed looking at economic, statistical, historical, pre and post market factors, and other elements to equate the forces acting upon various markets in order to glean a picture of the what transpired. The following will set forth the various techniques used. 3.1 Research Philosophy and Approach Qualitative and quantitative research was used in this study as the combination of these two approaches led to a more comprehensive understanding of the forces acting upon the situation. The foregoing aided in equating key aspects of the study as represented by occurrences that transpired in the market, along with historical components. Secondary research that entailed books, journals, magazines and the Internet were used as the study entailed gathering past data and contemporary information in order to compile a picture of the situation and aspects associated with this investigation. As the range of the examination took in a broad array of financial, market components, it must be understood that in researching data it might have been possible that some information was either overlooked and or not available. The volumes of data on the study also rendered the possibility that some more important sources of information where not found that could have potential altered the findings, ana lysis, conclusions and or recommendations reached. In order to guard against such possibilities a number of differing sources were reviewed in order to form a more balanced assessment of the information. 3.2 Research Strategy One of the research methods utilised in this study represented what is termed as a cross-sectional study. The foregoing represents a method entailing observation of a number of items during the same point of time[18]. The preceding was utilised as opposed to a longitudinal study as the later represents observations occurring over a long period of time[19]. In conducting this study utilising the cross-section method, the foregoing entailed explorative, as well as descriptive and explanatory facets as it delved into the nuances of the industry, seeking to describe the contextual factors, along with the explanation of strategies, and tactics. The vast views of approach, and thought contained in understanding this study takes in a broad range of secondary research as this method provides exposure to a balanced view that is not skewed by what can occur in primary research. Secondary research allows us to be in touch with many different points of view, however, it can not always be relied upon as the researcher may have sourced the wrong materials in making the analysis, and or missed certain key points that were either not available, or unknown at the time the study was conducted. Secondary research represents the gathering of information from books, journals, articles, other research sources, and case examples. Secondary research represents a means to collect information regarding techniques and procedures, as well as strategies, rationales and the reasons behind courses of action, and or circumstances. Within this study, the literature search represented the main sources of information. It, the literature search, consisted of an examination of existing material, searching for information pertinent to the project. The means via which to approach the study of a project can take on many forms. Inductive and deductive research represent two techniques that can be brought together to understand the views of differing approaches to the area under examination[20]. The combining of research methodologies has been advised as a means to improve the quality of an examination, and it is possible to bring these different approaches to bear on one study, whereby there are advantages in so doing. Table 1 Comparison of Inductive and Deductive Research[21] Deductive Research Emphasis Inductive Research Emphasis Utilises scientific principles Gains an understanding of the meanings people attach to events Moves from theory to data Obtains a close understanding of the research context Collects quantitative data Collects qualitative data Utilises the application of controls to ensure the validity of data Represents a more flexible structure that permits changes of the research emphasis as the research progresses Is a highly structured approach Makes the understanding that the researcher is a part of the research process The researcher is independent of what is being researched Has less concern with respect to the need to generalise Has a necessity to select samples that represent sufficient size in order to generalise conclusions Saunders (2006, p. 121) advises that the path of deductive research often is faster in terms of completion, as the data collection is usually based on what he terms as one take. Inductive research however, states Saunders (2006, p. 121) can be much more protracted in that frequently the ideas are based on a much longer period of data collection and analysis all of which has to emerge gradually. 3.4 Research Questions In order to equate the answer or answers to the query entailing how the financial crisis impacted the real estate sectors in London and Almaty, the research questions entailed looking into an understanding of how economies work on a national as well as international level, along with financial market operation on a national and international level. 4.0 Literature Review Allen[22] in his book Financial Crisis and Recession in the Global Economy tells us of the fact that the rapid expansion and globalisation of financial markets shadows most other recent developments in international economics. The foregoing is a critical component in the understanding of the recent U.S. sub prime mortgage crisis and its impact on global markets. Allen[23] advises that during the past twenty years, the international financial sector has changed and advanced in dramatic fashion, earmarked by the introduction and success of an entirely new currency, and change in the underpinnings of financial cohesiveness that impacts the countries of the European Union as well as the rest of the world. The Euro is the singular most noteworthy development in the rapid expansion of international finance that is marked by a host of important occurrences. He explains that new financial instrument such as derivatives, offshore banking, offshore financial markets, along with numerous other developments are at work in a global financial system that binds itself closer and closer by degrees each day Allen[24]. In his book, Allen[25] explains that the advances in information technology has directly impacted the growth and interlinkages in international finance as he states: A financial transaction can loosely be defined as any business arrangement where money changes hands but the only other thing that changes hands is documentation. Both money and documentation are moved by information technologies; therefore financial market activity is enhanced by advances in those technologies. Expanding use and performance of electronic and regular mail service, telephones, computers, fax machines, image processing devices, communication satellites, fibre optics, the World Wide Web and so on creates better opportunities in finance In illustrating the foregoing, Allen[26] explains that in the early 1980s financial transactions were communicated across telephone lines, via facsimile machines, and satellite transmissions that were collectively owned and operated by national governments through Intelsat in proportion to national use. In his book, Allen[27] advises that developments in the speed of transmission of the facsimile machine during the 1980s corresponded to increases in international financial transactions. In the early 1980s a single page transmission took six minutes, by the end of the 1980s that time frame was down to three seconds. Increased speed in transmission times helped to facilitate international financial transactions, thus bringing global financial instructions closer together in terms of their ability to conduct business in a more timely manner. In todays world, international financial transactions take place over T1 networks employing packet-switching networks that can communicate with any bank, anywhere almost in real time, as volumes of data and documents can be transmitted in seconds[28]. The significance of the advance of technology is further explained by Allen, as he stated[29]: Changes in communications have always affected the structure of finance, but these developments of the last few decades are responsible for the truly global nature of todays financial markets. As participants use these new technologies and networks, linkages are formed between various national and international sub-economy financial markets. New international opportunities have occurred for centuries, but only recently has interdependence become so pervasive to merit the word global The rapid developments of information technology and its impact on global monetary movements brought capitalist economies closer together and rendered the opposing state planned economy as a dinosaur, thus, along with a long list of other important development, helped to lead to the collapse of communism as an alternative economic system[30]. The developments in information sharing systems, transmission, interbank transactions, international currency and stock trading underpins what is termed as the global economy that transcends the centurys old manifestation of borders. DeMartino[31] helps us to better understand the preceding by explaining: emerging today is not just the latest experiment in economic organization, it is, indeed, the highest possible form of economy. Global neoliberalism, the extension of market-based economic integration across all local, regional and national borders, will provide humankind with the optimal means to achieve prosperity from now until eternity. With the perfection of the global capitalist market economyand the consequent eradication of communism socialism and all forms of state planningeconomic history as the contest among alternative forms of economic systems come(s) to an end. DeMartinos[32] statement concerning neoliberalism represents an important concept within the context of this examination, thus it shall be explored briefly, to add illumination as to its meaning. Martinez and Garcia[33] help us to understand the foregoing by stating: Neo-liberalism is a set of economic policies that have become widespread during the last 25 years or so. Although the word is rarely heard in the United States, you can clearly see the effects of neo-liberalism here as the rich grow richer and the poor grow poorer. Around the world, neo-liberalism has been imposed by powerful financial institutions like the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank and the Inter- American Development Bank.the capitalist crisis over the last 25 years, with its shrinking profit rates, inspired the corporate elite to revive economic liberalism. Thats what makes it neo or new. The concept of neoliberalism comes into play in terms of the ramifications of the recent U.S. subprime crisis. The following, represent market undercurrents that help to explain the underlying as well as overt facets involved that were linked factors that impacted the economy of Kazakhstan, along with the banking and financial market fallout from the subprime crisis. Per Martinez and Garcia[34] neoliberalims key points represent: Rule of the Market: This aspect of neoliberalism represents the freeing of private enterprise from bonds that are imposed by the state, irrespective of the impact such causes in terms of social change. The preceding entails developing internal mechanisms and policies that foster an increased openness to international investment as well as trade. In addition, price controls are removed, along with freedom of capital movement, services and goods. Deregulation: This aspect calls for the reduction of state regulation of all areas that would have an impact on reducing profits. Privatisation State owned enterprises are divested, representing banking institutions, utilities, hospitals, important industries, education system and allied areas. Unfortunately, in most instances privatisation has had the effect of putting a concentration of wealth in a few hands when systems are dismantled, as has been the case in Kazakhstan as well as other former Soviet bloc states, resulting in higher prices for goods and services. Elimination of the Concept of the Public Good or Community This represents replacement of the foregoing with what is termed as individual responsibility. This is exampled by pressuring the poorer segments of society to find their own solutions for lack of health care, employment and education, and then finding fault when they do not solve these and or similar problems Martinez and Garcia[35] further explain neoliberalim, by advising that it represents a policy reform that has been imposed by the World Bank and other global financial institutions. Neoliberalism in the United States is dismantling the welfare system, watering down labour rights, and causing cuts in social programs[36]. The explanation of neoliberalim is importantly in understanding what happened to the Russian economy and its new states after the break-up of the Soviet Union. The transition policy crafted for Russia after its economic collapse was crafted by what are termed as radical neoliberal reformers[37]. 4.1 Kazakhstan Kazakhstan is the largest economy as well as nation in Central Asia, possessing extremely rich oil reserves along with minerals[38]. Agriculture also represents a strong sector and a good industrial base for the extraction and processing of some of these natural resources[39]. That foundation has provided stability for the countrys economy, which rests strongly on the export of oil, grain, and metals that have produced a GDP per capita that ranks 100 in the world, the United Kingdom stands at 19th[40]: Chart 1 GDP per Capita[41] Rank Country GDP per capita 1 Luxembourg $ 55,100 2 United States $ 37,800 3 Norway $ 37,700 7 Switzerland $ 32,800 8 Denmark $ 31,200 9 Iceland $ 30,900 10 Austria $ 30,000 11 Ireland $ 29,800 12 Canada $ 29,700 13 Belgium $ 29,000 14 Australia $ 28,900 15 Hong Kong $ 28,700 16 Netherlands $ 28,600 18 Japan $ 28,000 19 United Kingdom $ 27,700 20 Germany $ 27,600 21 France $ 27,500 86 Russia $ 8,900 91 World $ 8,200 95 Brazil $ 7,600 99 Iran $ 7,000 100 Kazakhstan $ 7,000 101 Romania $ 6,900 The economy of Kazakhstan is basically almost totally dependent upon the production of basic commodities (such as) agricultural products like wheat and livestock, minerals like copper, alumina, lead, zinc, iron ore, and steel, and mineral fuels like oil, gas, and coal [42]. Prior to the U.S. subprime mortgage crisis the Kazakhstan economy had been enjoying a steady growth rate, primarily as a result of oil exports, with real GDP growth ranging around 10.4% for the period between 2000 and 2004 that marked a major improvement from the sluggish growth rates of the 1990s as the country adjusted from its neoliberial start[43]. During that period the economy recorded modest inflation, with a governmental budget surplus[44]. On the negative side, and a facet that is important in understanding the later review of the real estate sector, is that the business environment is known for widespread corruption that impedes the conduct of business[45]. As real estate is a valued commodity, this a spect needs to be considered in the evaluation of factors involved in the subprime mortgage credit crunch. The financial sector of the country is reported as being relatively well developed, marked by low interest rate spreads[46]. A report by Nathan Associates[47] commented that the rapid growth of credit needed to be accompanied by improved regulation of the financial market as well as supervision, a critical factor when a crisis situation surfaces. The following illustrates key economic areas: Table 2 Kazakhstan Analysis / Notable Strengths and Weaknesses[48] The basically strong economic underpinnings are weakened by the moderately structured state of the financial sector, and the countrys corruption index. The countrys overall monetary and fiscal policies were rated as sound in the Nathan Associates[49] report, which emphasised the reliance on oil exports as a key driver of the economy as productivity of the workforce is rated low. As mentioned, corruption is a problem in the business sector where under the Index of Economic Freedom the country ranks 76th in the world which puts it in the category of mostly free[50]: Table Index of Economic Freedom 2008[51] Category United Kingdom Kazakhstan United States Rank 10 76 5 Overall Score 79.55 60.54 80.56 Business Freedom 90.79 56.53 91.69 Trade Freedom 86.0 86.2 86.8 Fiscal Freedom 61.2 80.1 68.3 Government Size 40.06 84.68 59.81 Monetary Freedom 80.75 71.87 83.67 Investment Freedom 90 30 80 Financial Freedom 90 60 80 Property Rights 90 30 90 Freedom from Corruption 86 26 73 Labour Freedom 80.7 80 92.3 * The ranking system represents 80-100 Free / 70 79.9 Mostly Free / 60-69.9 Moderately Free / 50-59.9 Mostly Free / 0-49.9 Repressed Atmaty is Kazakhstans largest city, having a population that exceeds 1,226,000, and is the major commerce centre of the country[52]. Considered as relatively stabile, the real estate in Atmaty has been noted as a destination for foreign investment form many individuals with capital, termed as well to do[53]. Condo sales in Atmaty moved briskly prior to the financial crisis. In a report generated by the American Chamber of Commerce in January of 2006[54], before the financial crisis, Land development, construction and marketing of commercial and residential properties (had) become a vital part of the national economy. Figure Map of Kazakhstan[55] Figure Map of Almaty, Kazakhstan[56] The increase in real estate investment prior through 2006 had been a result of the introducing of policies and reforms to spur investment and growth in that sector, which impacted Almaty, Astana and Atyrau[57]. Real estate market investment and growth have proceeded well in Almaty since the late 1990s, however the moving of the capital to Astana saw a moderate transition of residents that included many governmental personnel[58]. The real estate sectors growth rate during that period showed an overheating of domestic real estate prices as well as prices for assets, along with building pressures in terms of the appreciation of the real exchange rate[59]. In a report generated by the Harvard Business School Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness[60], the overall prospects for the economy were rated as declining due to the preceding factors, which also included the dominance of oil in the nations economy as creating overall imbalances. The competitive challenges for the country as indicated in the preceding report mentioned that this was also a declining factor in that the geographical location is remote, the structural weakness in the business environment, the lack of human intellectual capital as well as institutional capacity to tackle the broad range of economic and competitive issues to be addressed, the lack of clear policy priorities that sets forth a sequenced methodology for achieving goals and objectives to develop a balanced economy, and a vision of where the country sees itself heading over the long term, with the road map to reach that destination[61]. The Harvard Business School report pointed out other structural weaknesses as represented by the following[62]: The prosperity the country has been able to achieve has been derived from the selling of natural resources and real estate, without the benefit of an industrial base and other forms of trade. The prosperity of the country is constrained as a result of it being dependent upon the use of natural resources, thus rendering growth beyond that realm as limited. The countrys government is heavily engaged in the economy, along with it being the owner as well as distributor of wealth as defined by natural resources. Interest groups seek increasing portions of the countrys wealth thus ignoring investments in production facilities and the development of a manufacturing and or industrial base. The countrys resource revenue dependency and unproductive economic policies permit wasteful methods. Resources are utilised to support subsidies that contribute to wasteful practices The preceding broad based review of the economic sector has been undertaken to reveal the structural components of the economy of Kazakhstan, and its small manufacturing underpinnings that indicate an economic weakness. The foregoing represents a potential financial bubble that could suffer dramatic reversal in economic downturns and or financial crisis situations. The preceding analysis of the Kazakhstan economy is supported by a report conducted by the International Monetary Fund in 2005[63] that pointed to the same economic sector structural weaknesses: Inflationary pressures are being created by increases in governmental salaries thus creating a demographic market inconsistent with the country as a whole. The monetary challenges in the country were indicated as continuing as a result of the dependency on oil revenues. It also stated that the appreciation of the value of the currency is contributing to heightened pressures on inflation. The International Monetary Fund placed particular emphasis on the area of bank credit that has seen a dramatic rise, mentioning the real estate sector in particular. It stated that the increase in banking credit was being financed through external borrowing that creates significant risks As shown throughout this Literature Review, the heightening of credit lending, and real estate under an inflationary currency, underpinned by an economy highly dependent upon oil and raw material exports, does not represent a strong foundation for hard asset appreciation (Real estate) over the long term[64]. In a report generated by the International Monetary Fund[65] specific risks associated with the real estate sector were mentioned as a result of the rapid rise in lending. The increased risk as a result of the heightened rise in mortgage and consumer borrowing tripled during 2004, with indications pointing to continued increases in these areas[66]. Consumer borrowing for reasons related to property, meaning including straight mortgage loans, represented 37% of bank portfolios exposed to real estate, which is extraordinarily high[67]. The IMF report went on to state that as a result of lending limits on banks for real estate have been established, such limits were basically meanin gless as this was circumvented by disguising real estate loans as consumer lending to hide their categories[68]. Another weakness in this area was revealed by the fact that there were no income disclosure requirements for commercial property loans as well as construction loans[69]. Other underlying problems in the banking sector was also identified, as the Kazakhstan banking sector had dramatically increased its international borrowing to underwrite the domestic extension of credit[70] The International Monetary Fund revealed concern over long-term bonds that were being issued by the banking sector as a result of the concern over contract options permitting the lenders to exercise early repayment options which would impact upon the maturity rates[71]. Supervisory increases concerning regulatory aspects in the banking sector were also raised as the rapid growth in the sector, the heightened consumer borrowing profile and increase in real estate, commercial property and construction loans indicated a heavily banking portfolio skew in one economic sector thus indicating portfolio imbalance[72]. The promotion of Almaty as the countrys financial sector after the moving of the capital had helped to stabilise the real estate sector after some resident relocations and moving, however concern was indicated regarding the building in the commercial sector in anticipation of such growth, which was also accompanied by real estate purchase for speculative as well as income potentials[73]. All of the preceding points to a relative strength in economic growth, but weaknesses in the structure of the underlying economy as a result of dependence on oil revenues. The extension of a disproportionate percentage of loans into the real estate sector for commercial, construction and real estate also was indicated as a structural weakness. Inflation represents an important term in this examination. It, inflation, according to the 1983 definition as contained in Websters New Universal Unabridged Dictionary, represents[74]: An increase in the amount of currency in circulation, resulting in a relatively sharp and sudden fall in its value and rise in prices: it may be caused by an increase in the volume of paper money issued or of gold mined, or a relative increase in expenditures as when the supply of goods fails to meet the demand. In 2000, Websters Dictionary revised its definition of inflation to read[75]: A persistent increase in the level of consumer prices or a persistent decline in the purchasing power of money, caused by an increase in available currency and credit beyond the proportion of available goods and services. The new definition indicated that inflation was the consequence of rising prices as opposed to being its cause, a significant change in face of the preceding review of Kazakhstans economy and its direction prior to the financial crisis. The definition view of Websters revised version is supported by a number of sources. InvestorWords.com[76] define inflation as The overall general upward price movement of goods and services in an economy, usually as measured by the Consumer Price Index and the Producer Price Index. Over time as the cost of goods and services increase, the value of a dollar is going to fall because a person wont be able to purchase as much with that dollar as he/she previously could.[77] The economic growth in Kazakhstan prior to the financial crisis was underpinned my mild inflation that was somewhat keep in check by oil revenues and external banking sector borrowing that supplied currency for consumer lending and real estate. Thus when the crisis hit, these sectors underlying weaknesses magnified. 4.2 London As the capital of England, London has always held a pivotal place in the economy of the country. It is home to the second most important financial capital in the world after New York[78], with the prices for real estate in London among the worlds highest, competing with New York and Tokyo for that distinction[79]. In equating London with Almaty, there are a large number of fundamental differences that shall be covered herein in order to provide understandings as to the impact of the financial crisis on each locale. In brief, London is a global financial capital as well as location for retailing, corporate headquarters for global companies, is a pivotal location as a gateway between the United States and Europe, is a shipping destination as well as being linked with the strong economic underpinnings of the European Union. The foregoing are highlighted differences between it and landlocked, oil dependant Almaty that has a limited economic base, however, there are a host of factors that go deeper. London has a strong and skilled workforce that is highly diverse, along with an economic base that is spread into differing sectors thus offering balance in the case of economic downturns. In a survey of the most costly cities, London ranked as third after Tokyo and Osaka Japan[80]: Table 3 Worlds Most Costliest Cities[81] Rank Location Last years rank 1 Tokyo, Japan 1 2 Osaka, Japan 4 3 London, Britain 2 4 Moscow, Russia 3 5 Seoul, South Korea 7 6

Exploration Narrative Essay - 713 Words

The testimonies written in both early exploration narratives and seventeenth century Puritan texts described how a particular explorer viewed the new land of America. Each of these writings had their own deception about the significance of America, both as a physical place and also as an ideal. Christopher Columbus wrote several exploration narratives during his journeys to and from the new land. He offered his own personal definitions and arguments about what he saw and thought about his new discoveries. In the text Letter to Luis de Santangel, Columbus writes about his crowning achievement, the discovery of new world. I believe that this text helps convey a specific definition of America. Columbus portrayed America as being†¦show more content†¦Another passage in this text which shows the idea of America as paradise is In it there are many harbors on the coast of the sea, beyond comparison with others which I know in Christendom, and many rivers, good and large, whic h is marvelous. This excerpt from Columbus about the shore of the new world describes how the inlets of the coast make for great harbors. This was an extremely important detail for explorers during that time in history. Sea ports and inlets allowed explorers and the people of the land trade and travel with ease. Columbus knew that harbors were a very significant aspect of land as a territory and as a central reason why an area should be described as marvelous. Another quote from Columbus letter that is significant is All are most beautiful, of a thousand shapes, and they are accessible and filled with trees of a thousand kinds and tall, and they seem to touch the sky. This quote describes the mountain ranges which Columbus discovered. He wrote that the curves of the range are beautiful and that they are filled with life. The next line from Columbus tells of the significance of the mountains being overwhelmed with trees. And I am told that they never lose their foliage, as I can understand, for I saw them as green and as lovely as they are in Spain in May, and some of them were flowering, some bearing fruit, and some in another stage, according to their nature. This passage compares theShow MoreRelatedTravel Writing Of The 21st Century : An Exploration Of Relevance Through William Dalrymple1643 Words   |  7 PagesTravel Writing in the 21st Century: An exploration of Relevance through William Dalrymple. The creation of Google Earth has made the foreign ever more familiar by making the foreign accessible to anyone with access to a computer or internet cafe. The growing popularity of the internet has contributed to a â€Å"sense of information omnipotence [which] has proved horribly illusory† (Dalrymple 4). 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E-Marketing Strategy Free Essays

E-marketing is an effective tool to establish and strength the corporate brand image. The brand relation can be strengthened by online presence (through website and services) with an aim to retain the customers and eliminate the price factor. More and more people are using net which is creating great potential for online business. We will write a custom essay sample on E-Marketing Strategy or any similar topic only for you Order Now A brand expressed the hopes and expectations of customers. The online presence of an established brand also requires such criterions where customers expect some thing different than every day website. For an well known brand, it is not just dumping information online, but establishing communication, telling the visitors clearly; what is company about and what it stand for? Pepsi is successful in conveying that image. Its website www. pepsi. com is filled with many innovative features to capture the attention of visitors. The E-marketing strategy is based on the similar principals as traditional marketing 4P’s (Product, Price, Promotion and Position); however online marketing needs some additional P’s (People, Process, and Proof). E-marketing is the extended form of traditional marketing requiring the synthesis of the following factors; Personalization, Privacy and Security, Customer Service, Site, Sales Promotion. These functions allow managers to further their businesses online. (a) Personalization The basic concept behind the personalization is to understand a certain customer and establish relation. Thus the vital issue is to gather information about customer and then develop personalized products and services. For example Amazon asks the customers to make an account; where customer provides information about themselves. Based on this customer information, every time a customer logs in, products related to customer interests automatically pops up. This strategy works two ways; it allows the marketers to target individuals on personal level; and on the other hand it allows individual customers to go no further, but find product right in front of their eyes. (b) Privacy and Security Privacy is related to personalization. When businesses gathers information and store this customer information; the crucial issue is to make it safe. A major task of e-marketing strategy is to develop policy or guide lines for gathering information and keep this information private and confidential. Another crucial issue is security. Any transaction performed on the websites becomes the responsibly of the business and to ensure that no outsider is able to access the information. Thus a wise marketer will convey clear and convincing the customers that their provided data is safe hands. (c) Customer Service Like any traditional business, customer service is an essential part of e-business. Good customer service is a key to gain loyalty form the customers. Compared to traditional service online shoppers can come from anywhere in the world with different time zones; providing 24/7 customer service in crucial. One example is precisionreservation. com which provides online (hotel) booking to travelers. The booking is done automatically, while the copy of booking is sent via email. In case of any question, live support is available 24/7 through online customer service. Such excellent strategy allows the customers service to reach customers in real-time. d) Site E-marketing interaction takes place online on digital location which is called site. This location /site have to be available 24/7 and should have the infrastructure to support the number of visitors it receives each day. For any online business, the name should be very clear and should not be confused with any other name. The site should not have any resemblance to any other brand or any other business which makes t he customers confused. Any such resemblance is considered unethical practice and has severe consequences. Another issue is scalability; Amazon receives million of visitors with hundreds of orders each day. Amazon is able to meet the growing number of customers orders as its website has the vital infrastructure for its growing number of customers. (e) Promotions In any effective marketing campaigns, sales promotions are crucial. While developing an e-marketing strategy it is essential to develop online sales promotions targeted at shoppers. The target of any promotion is not long term sales, but achieving immediate goals (in term of volumes). Other than traditional methods; such as discount marketing manger needs to understand the latest technology well enough to exploit it. For example; doing promotions through RSS, which instead of news letter provides almost live data on day- to- day basis. It is very easy for online shoppers to compare the price before they make purchase; which makes it inevitable to check the competitors prices and promotions before starting any campaign. Conclusion For companies who already have established brands need to reach to the online consumers through consistent advertising to enhance their corporate image. One easy way is use the search engines; such as Yahoo and Google who offer relevant add with the queries surfers are seeking. This strategy helps in reaching old and new customers more effectively rather than waiting for customers. E-marketing needs new dimension to be considered compared with traditional marketing, even though e-marketing is evolved from traditional marketing. However such concepts revolve around the principal where customer and business can reach each other in a meaningful way. How to cite E-Marketing Strategy, Papers

Preventing Childhood Obesity

Question: Discuss about the Preventing Childhood Obesity. Answer: Background health promotion For every four children in NSW, one of them starts school being overweight or obese. Health reports from studies conducted since 2010 show that the rates of the prevalence of obesity affecting the school going age of 5-17 years are stabilizing (Neter, Schokker, Jong, Renders, Seidell and Visscher, 2011). However, the level at which these rates are stabilizing is alarming. It is a grave concern since overweight children, as well as teenagers, are likely to reach adulthood as obese, or worse still develop certain orthopedic problems or gastrointestinal endocrine. According to Vander Wal, and Mitchell (2011) children with obesity face the risk of having a cardiovascular disease which can be long-term as long as they are obese. When a child is overweight, their self-esteem is bound to be affected since they face discrimination and bullying from their age mates who are not obese. In a worst case scenario, the victim can develop depression (Kraak, Liverman and Koplan, 2005). To come up with ways to reduce and prevent obesity in children, it is prudent to examine the cause. Unhealthy lifestyles are the main cause of overweight and obesity in children. Unhealthy lifestyle includes unhealthy eating patterns where the childs consumption of Junk food is unregulated. Lack of physical activity worsens the situation since it leads to an accumulation of body fats. Another cause of obesity is genetic predisposal of a child. According to Neter, Schokker, Jong, Renders, Seidell and Visscher, 2011 in 2010 a great percentage of over 90% of K, 2 and 4 children and above 20% of those in high school were trying to live healthily by observing the guideline on vegetable consumption. Strategies put in place to prevent and manage obesity Due to this alarming trend, Public Health Wales postulates that children must be healthier at the age of five. To achieve their goal they have set some strategies to sensitize the environment around a child in eating and exercising habits at home and in school (Pearson, Webb and Mckeen, 2006). These strategies include educating children on the importance of healthy eating in schools. The schools in New South Wales are provided with a curriculum that understands that the challenge of obesity requires a broad approach. The schools, therefore, have strategies in place to enhance the acquisition of knowledge and development of skills as well as attitudes that influence the childrens eating habits in line with NSW. Linking up with agencies that facilitate educating children on healthy eating helps in sensitizing children on healthy eating. For instance, the Food Standards Agency (FSA) in Wales works with schools to facilitate workshops to educate children on healthy eating programs. NSWs eating programs have enhanced healthy eating. By Zask, Adams, Brooks, and Hughes (2012) Tooty Fruity Vegie has increased consumption of fruits and vegetables in Pre-schools. They also ensure that children engage in required physical activity. In addition to physical activities schools have come up with policies as stipulated by the Social, Personal, and Health Education (PDHPE) to ensure healthy eating. Other programs include the principles of Food Dudes Program that have increased the consumption of vegetables and fruits among children. On a normal school week, half of the students eat from the canteen not less than once a week. Having a healthy eating option at canteens is a way of NSW to achieve their main aim of reducing obesity in children by a margin of 5% by 2025. The NSW strategy contains and framework made by the government that aims at reducing the effect of chronic diseases that are lifestyle related. In 2007, NSW schools banned the sale of sugar-sweetened items in support of a healthy eating pattern. NSW has come up with various programs to promote physical activities in government schools. The Munch and Move is an NSW program that facilitates the training of trainers who handle children in physical activities. This program has policies that are in support of childrens well-being. Another program of NSW is the live life well @ school. Through this program, teachers acquire skills, confidence, and knowledge in line with the PDHPE syllabus. The PDHPE syllabus stipulates that a student should spend at least 120 minutes per week (Pearson, Webb and Mckeen, 2006). The input of parents in physical activities has a high impact. Therefore, parents are encouraged to support their children to participate in physical activities. In the early stages of five and below years, parents are advised to allow a child to have more playing time and less time on the screen. NSW also educates parents as well as family members on the importance of physical activities (Lindsay, Sussner, Kim and Gortmaker, 2006). This way, parents improve their perception of physical activities and support it. The Scholtz is an NSW website that provides the parent with more information about school physical activities (Lindsay, Sussner, Kim and Gortmaker, 2006). A teachers role in managing childhood obesity is very crucial. With all the policies and rules set by the NSW government, a teacher plays a great role in implementation and evaluation. To ensure that the teacher is skilled enough, NSW has put in place to enable a teac her acquire necessary skills. References Kraak, V. A., Liverman, C. T., Koplan, J. P. (Eds.). (2005).Preventing childhood obesity: health in the balance. National Academies Press. Lindsay, A. C., Sussner, K. M., Kim, J., Gortmaker, S. (2006). The role of parents in preventing childhood obesity.The Future of children, 169-186. Neter, J. E., Schokker, D. F., de Jong, E., Renders, C. M., Seidell, J. C., Visscher, T. L. (2011). The prevalence of overweight and obesity and its determinants in children with and without disabilities.The Journal of pediatrics,158(5), 735-739. Pearson, P. J., Webb, P. I., Mckeen, K. (2006). Linking teaching games for understanding and quality teaching in NSW secondary schools Vander Wal, J. S., Mitchell, E. R. (2011). Psychological complications of pediatric obesity.Pediatric Clinics of North America,58(6), 1393-1401. Zask, A., Adams, J. K., Brooks, L. O., Hughes, D. F. (2012). Tooty Fruity Vegie: an obesity prevention intervention evaluation in Australian preschools.Health Promotion Journal of Australia,23(1), 10-15.

Obama for President an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Obama for President It is certain that Barack Obama would make the best United States president. All his plans on matters of national security, foreign policy, economy, trade, health care, crime, climate, education signifies that he is ready and able to lead a country that demands new leadership. Obamas political propaganda, eloquent speeches, massive campaigns and various supporters manifest that he would make it to the presidency. This position will be supported by arguments. First, on account of his stand on national security and foreign affairs issue, Obama is a champion. It was Felsen (2007) who wrote that: Need essay sample on "Obama for President" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Obama said that the war in Iraq and President Bush's failed foreign policy had made us less safe than we were before 9/11 attack, and outlined a new, comprehensive strategy to fight global terrorism. Obama declared that by refusing to end the war in Iraq, Bush had given it permission for a United States occupation of unknown length, at undetermined cost, with unknown consequences. (1) Definitely, Obama meant that he would like to decide for a war that has to be won including the implementation of comprehensive strategy involving five elements. Felsen outlined these five elements and these include getting out of Iraq and on to the correct battlefield in Afghanistan and Pakistan; developing the capabilities and partnerships we need to take out the terrorists and the world's most deadly weapons; engaging the world to dry up support for terror and extremism; restoring our values; and securing a more versatile place to live (Felsen 1). In support of this argument, many leading foreign policy experts commented that Obama has presented a thoughtful, substantive and comprehensive counter-terrorism strategy (Felsen 1). Indeed, it could contribute to the increasing debates concerning national security and foreign policy issue. Felsen also quoted Major General Scott Grations comment that Senator Obama's counter-terrorism strategy intends that he is committed to developing the capabilities needed to defeat terrorists on the field of battle, and that he has the heart to defeat the terrorists in the debate of ideas (Felsen). On the issu e of national security and foreign affairs, Obama is leading among other presidential candidates. Felsen (2007) quoted his speech as follows: As President, I will develop a Shared Security Partnership Program to make an international intelligence and law enforcement infrastructure to take down terrorist networks from the remote islands of Indonesia, to the sprawling cities of Africa. This program will give $5 billion over three years for counter-terrorism cooperation with countries around the world, including information sharing, funding for training, operations, border security, anti-corruption programs, technology, and targeting terrorist financing. (1) Obama is so sure that this project will concentrate on aiding Americas partners succeed without repressive tactics. For him, brutality breeds terror, it does not defeat it (Felsen 1). (Counterargument, concession, refutation) However, Hillary Clinton questions the stand of Barack Obama on national security and foreign policy issue. Not only that, it was John McCain who lambasted him for saying that he would meet the President of Iran without preconditions, and that the said plan could endanger national security (Quaid 1). Quaid reported that McCain raised the specter of a leader Obama meeting with Iranian leader Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (Quaid 1). In that sense, Obama is displaying a character of inexperience and reckless judgment in his plan to talk with supporter of terrorism. With respect to the issue on trade and economy, Obama is also mindful of the future of America. Barack Obama (2008) stated that: I know that America's free market has been the forerunner of America's great economic development. It created a progress that is the envy of the world. It led to a standard of living unmatched in history. And it has provided great rewards to the innovators and risk-takers who have made America a leader for science, and technology, and discovery. (1). In line with this, the plan of Obama was to give the middle class Americans tax relief (Obama 1). Obviously, he wants to make sure that the masses are given priority so that poverty and crisis at present time will no longer be a problem. What has been the basis of Obamas great faith in Americas capability to progress economically? Obama knows that trade with foreign nations should strengthen the American economy and give more American jobs (Obama 1). Surely, Obama will stand firm against agreements that undermine Americas economic security. He will go for a trade policy that provide engine for foreign markets to support good American jobs (Obama 1). He will also utilize trade agreements to proliferate good labor and environmental standards worldwide, dealing with different kinds of trade agreements as long as it does not become a surplus with other countries, some thing that will harm us economically, and stand firm against agreements like the Central American Free Trade Agreement that fail to stay tune in to those relevant benchmarks (Obama 1). There is one thing we should understand on this. Obama is trying to eliminate the system or pattern in our trade policy that aims to protect special interests, but betray our workers, our environment and our country as a whole. Another argument to strengthen the claim that Obama will become president is the brilliant plans of Obama to address on health care issue. For how many years, health care has been an ever-worsening problem in the United States. Essentially, Obama was a member of the Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee, and has made affordable, quality health care a top priority (Terry 1). He developed a system through Obama's Hospital Quality Report Card Act that would require hospitals to track and report on their quality of care, including safety and timeliness on treatment and services, thus providing consumers higher choice and the information needed to make important healthcare decisions (Terry 1). Aside from that, Obama also plans to proposed the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program Efficiency Act in order to combat medical errors and excessive costs due to outdated technology (Terry 1). In fact Terry (2007) wrote that: Obamas website enumerated some surprising facts about children's exposure to lead poisoning that has inspired him to introduce two bills to address the issue, that is the Lead Poisoning Reduction Act and Lead Free Toys Act. These are the aims to reduce the large amount of lead as discovered in many childcare centers and children's toys. (1) In connection with that, Obama is aware that poor community planning can endanger children and citizens through lack of sidewalks and safe places to play. That is why Obama's Healthy Places Act requires communities to check how new projects and policies would endanger the health of community members (Terry 1). Obama is also active in preventing men from AIDS (Terry 1). Thus, his solutions for health care problems are ready to be implemented. Simply, Obama planned to cover uninsured Americans under a quality, affordable and portable coverage for all (Health Care). It also includes mandatory coverage for children in particular. Next argument is the strength of Obamas stand on the issue of crime. Two of the most famous presidential were giving their comments about death penalty. As a bakgorunder, Egelko (2008) wrote that: When Hillary Rodham Clinton announced her campaign for the Senate in 2000, she declared - emphatically, according to an interviewer - that she supported the death penalty.When Barack Obama first ran for the Illinois state Senate in 1996, he said in a campaign questionnaire that he opposed capital punishment. (1) To interpret that, their positions seemed to show their political roots - Clinton, the moderate "New Democrat," a term she has used to describe herself and Barack Obama, the insurgent who got his start as a community organizer. Moreover, if we could still remember, by the time Obama ran for the U.S. Senate in 2004, he was not advocating abolition of the death penalty. But at that time, he was saying the system of investigating and prosecuting capital crimes was so flawed that the nation should declare a change on executions (Egelko 1). Egelko pointed out that Barack Obama has changed his mind and abandoned that position as a senator. Since then, he receives the death penalty for the most heinous crimes, and calls for reforms like those he worked for in Illinois to guard against wrongful convictions, such as the tape-recording of all police interrogations (Egelko 1). That would only mean that Barack Obama is a resilient and versatile politician, thinking only of what could be the best solution to any kind of problems. That is how strong the candidacy of Barack Obama. On the issue of climate, Obama is a champion defender of the environment. His main argument about the issue was that, he does not believe that climate change is just an issue that is convenient to bring up during a campaign (Obama 1). Furthermore, Obama (2008) said that: I believe that the issue on climate change is one of the greatest moral challenges of our generation. That is why I have fought successfully in the Senate to increase our investment in renewable fuels, that is to effectively use natural resources like sunlight, wind, rain and others. (1) His main concern then, is to come up with plan to rise our fuel standard. He wants oil companies to be supported in retooling their factories, on the exchange that but they will have to make cars that use less oil (Obama 1). Obama is good in determining the problem and its solution. Obama (2008) pointed out that: In America, the 20-million-barrel-a-day oil habit costs our economy $1.4 billion a day, and $500 billion in 2006 alone. Every single hour, we use $41 million on foreign oil. The result is that, glaciers are melting faster; the polar ice caps are shrinking; trees are blooming earlier; more people are dying in heat waves; species are migrating, and eventually many will become extinct. (1) The awareness of Obama on this issue will help him in going over it as soon as he will be chosen as president. Climate change will be one of his priorities. Lastly, on the issue concerning education, Barack is so much anxious to have a reform in Americas educational system. It was Green who wrote: Obamas long list of educational reforms he is in favor of, ranging from increased access to Advanced Placement courses to expanding summer school programs are being developed. Generally, the common thread in his educational positions is his belief that school funding must be increased in all aspects of education. (1) With that, Obama is in support of extending the Head Start preschool program for poor children, and voted to reauthorize the program earlier this summer (Green 1). Obama was also in the Illinois State Senate when its preschool program for low-income children was instated (Green 1). I am sure, that is what America wants for a leader. As a conclusion, it is still certain that the political plans and propaganda of Barack Obama reflects his willingness to serve his fellow Americans. His approach is highly focused for the economic and social development of America. Barack Obama has also the charisma of a political leader that can undeniably attract more support from other leaders and the American people in general. Apparently, his desire to wage a war that has to be won reflects his capability to address and solve problems of terrorism and place America in its safest and finest pedestal. Barack Obama simply believes that the United States of America will always remain a leader in terms of economic, cultural, and social aspects around the world. Finally, we all know that Barack Obama would make the best United States president. With all the arguments stated earlier, it is respectfully submitted that Obama projects a personality of a politician that thinks only for general welfare and not self interests alone. His political will magnifies his willingness to lead America with all his knowledge and capability. Works Cited Egelko, Bob. Where Candidates Stand On Crime, Death Penalty. 10, February 2008. San Francisco Chronicle. Green, Elizabeth. Where do the candidates stand on education? Barack Obama on Education. Obama 2008: Economy. 2008. Obama 2008. Obama 2008. Health Care. 2008. Obama 2008. Obama 2008: Energy. 2008. Obama 2008. Terry, Alisa. Where Does Barack Obama Stand on the Issues? Quaid, Libby. McCain Hammers Obama on National Security. 20 May 2008. Yahoo News.

Obamacare Essay Example

Obamacare Essay Example Obamacare Essay Obamacare Essay Macey VarneyApril DierksEnglish Composition 1December 3, 2013ObamacareThe great thing about America is our freedom of speech and knowing that there are options for many things. Of course there are laws to keep everything running smoothly, but sometimes boundaries are crossed. Congress and the president crossed major boundaries with the new healthcare laws. Obamacare is not only costly but it is crossing many moral lines for a lot of people. This new healthcare plan is costing everyone, especially businesses, a lot of money. It has become really hard for businesses to remain open and employ people. Obamacare could be good in some ways, like offering everyone health insurance, but people shouldn’t be fined if they do not have health insurance. Personal boundaries are also being crossed by Congress telling the American people that they have to have healthcare. Healthcare is a good thing but, there has to be a better way to do it!Obamacare has been found to be financially burdenso me on businesses. The new healthcare plan will â€Å"cost business owners more money and in the end might even cause some businesses to shut down† (â€Å"Is Obamacare Financially Burdensome†). Most business owners will cut their full-time employees, and hire more part-time or temporary workers. This is not only going to hurt businesses financially, but also full-time employees because of the responsibilities they hold in everyday life. For example, full time employees at fast food restaurants will be fired or have their hours dramatically cut. Small businesses will not be able to afford to keep employees because of the insurance benefits businesses are now required to offer. This creates a lack of jobs in the United States which in turn will lead to a higher unemployment rate, which is already high. Some people might say that Obamacare is going to help businesses and people who work for small businesses because their managers will have to provide them with health insur ance. Fast food workers

Planned Parenthood organization and social media Case Study

Planned Parenthood organization and social media - Case Study Example The organization had formally moved to the online platform in 2002 and had its own web space. It had joined social spaces such as Facebook in 2004, YouTube in 2005, and Twitter in 2006. However, in 2011, the fight over the defunding of the organization made the people in the organization to rethink on how to change their approach of the online space to make it more interactive and engaging to improve user experience (Planned Parenthood, 2012). When the campaign commenced, it resulted to a thousand of calls and emails from the organizational supporters. Within a short time of voting, the organization had received thousands of messages from e-mails, YouTube, Facebook, and other social media channels from supporters and even Chaperoned emails from partners (Perry, 2012). 2. In this case, social media played a big role in the defunding conflict as a lead for the TV reporting. This means that, TV reporters only got news after supporters, organizations employees, partners and all the other individuals involved gave their views on the social media platforms. For example, Wining states that, â€Å"in the meantime, the press began to report claims that Komen was deleting negative social media posts† (Winig, 2012, p. 18). Certainly, it is evident that this press release was done after the media personnel realized what Komen was doing on the social media platforms. Otherwise, this statement would not have been released if social media was not there. Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube were the main social media platforms that played the largest role in the conflict.

Is it safe to use cell phone while driving Essay

Is it safe to use cell phone while driving - Essay Example The issue on the use of cell phones while driving has been controversial since people has different stands on the issue. Using of cell phones while driving has been made illegal in many countries even with varying reactions on the issue. This is after considering the number of accidents caused by drivers on cell phones while driving. Is it safe to use cell phones while driving? This paper will analyze different texts on their position on this issue. The essay shall focus on whether accidents have reduced after sensitization or not. The text will also include evidence from the analyzed articles on the effects of driving while on a cell phone. The article by Rosenbloom supports and the same time criticizes the use of cells while driving. The article highlights a study conducted on twenty three drivers on their effects on speed while using a cell phone (Rosenbloom 207). The study was conducted on 10 minutes into driving while using a cell phone and ten minutes while not using the cell phone. In an argument by Rosenbloom, drivers who engaged in short phone calls did not change their driving speed (207). However, drivers who took long on their cells, over 16 minutes, increased their driving speed (Rosenbloom, 207). The article asserts that other factors such as time spent on phone should be considered when citing the dangers of using cells while driving. In an argument by Constandache, Choudhury & Rhee it is possible to provide a driver with location as they drive through their phones (1). Comparing this article to the question on the safety of mobile use while driving, it is an obvious assumption the author believe in its safety since a driver will be well directed. Constandache, Choudhury & Rhee suggested the use of CompAcc as a way in which a driver could use their phones as a safety measure while driving in an unknown location (9). The authors tend to assert that driving in an unknown

Should capital punishment be reintroduced in the UK

Should capital punishment be reintroduced in the UK Capital punishment is a practise of which criminals, when, convicted of a serious crime known as a capital crime are executed. The term capital originates from the Latin word capitalis, meaning the head and a capital crime was originally punishable by the severing of the head. Although not always used, 58 countries still uphold capital punishment as a sentence according to Amnesty Internationals figures in December 2009, and, since 1985, over 50 countries have abolished capital punishment. The six main execution methods still used since 2000, are; electrocution, lethal injection, beheading, shooting, hanging and stoning. In the U.K hanging was the preferred way of executing a person. This was found to be of simple and quick preparation and an extremely quick process of dying for the prisoner. Capital punishment in the U.K was abolished in 1969. Nowadays capital punishment is considered a barbaric and inhumane sentence. The question of whether capital punishment should be reintroduced has been widely debated, argued and many reasons given for support and against its practise. This essay will provide the history of capital punishment in the U.K, and evaluate the arguments for and against reintroducing capital punishment to the U.K. The following steps were taken to acquire the information needed to complete this assignment: Questionnaires were distributed on the 19th October 2010 and collected on the 25th October 2010. Internet sources were accessed on the 17th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 24th and 25th of October 2010. Capital punishments abolition in the U.K William the Conqueror first abolished capital punishment in the U.K in the 11th Century but this was reinstated by his son. Several proposals were put forward to parliament from the late 1700s but all were opposed. In the 1800s hangings were seen as great days out and people of all classes would enjoy watching a criminal strung up by the neck and would be very disappointed to see him/her die too quickly. From the 1800s to the 1900s many capital crimes were reduced from the death penalty to imprisonment (see below table) and murder was the only capital crime still punishable by death. By the end of the Second World War, attitudes had changed towards accepting the abolition of capital punishment as people were concerned by the holocaust of Nazi Germany. The last executions to happen in the U.K were that of two men who were hanged in Walton Gaol in Liverpool. Capital Punishment Abolished Notable Date Notable Event 1908 People under 16 are no longer liable for hanging. 1922 Infanticide (Mother killing her child) is no longer a capital offence. 1931 Pregnant Women are no longer hanged. 1933 People under 18 are not executed. Sentenced to Her/his Majestys Pleasure. 1948 House of Commons suspends capital punishment. Overruled by House of Lords. 9 March 1950 Timothy John Evans hanged at Pentonville Prison. 28 January 1953 Derek Bentley hanged at Wandsworth Prison for the murder of P.C. Miles. 13 July 1955 Last Women hanged in U.K (Ruth Ellis at Holloway Prison). 1956 The passing of Death Penalty (Abolition) Bill is overturned by Lords. 1957 Homicide Act 1957 restricts use of capital punishment. 23 July 1957 First execution under the 1957 act: John Vickers. 5 November 1959 Last execution for murder of police officer: Gunther Podola. 13 August 1964 Last executions: Peter Anthony Allen Gwynne Owen Evans. 1965 Capital punishment in murder cases is suspended for 5 years. 1966 Timothy John Evans receives a posthumous pardon. 1969 Capital punishment for murder is abolished. February 1998 Mahmood Mattan receives a posthumous pardon. July 1998 Derek Bentley receives a posthumous pardon. Capital list. Available from http://stephen.stratford.co.uk/capital -list.htm (accessed 24th October 2010). Mps decided on May 20th 1998, to adopt human rights provisions, outlawing capital punishment for murder except for times of war or imminent threat of war. Capital punishment ended effectively with the criminal justice bill on the 31st July 1998 and on the 27th January 1999, the 6th protocol was signed by the home secretary formally abolishing capital punishment in the U.K. Arguments for capital punishment Cost: It can be argued that the cost of keeping a criminal incarcerated is cheaper than giving them the death penalty but this is not the case. Studies have shown that the complicated legal process of pre trial and trials are tremendously expensive. The additional cost of confining an inmate to death row, as compared to the maximum security prisons where those sentenced to life without possibility of parole ordinarily serve their sentences, is $90,000 per year per inmate. With Californias current death row population of 670, that accounts for $63.3 million annually. (Commission on the Fair Administration of Justice, June 30, 2008). Available from http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/costs-death-penalty. (Accessed 25th October 2010). Retribution: Murderers get what they deserve, punishment should fit the crime and an eye for an eye. This seems an debateable argument worldwide for many criminals to be given the death penalty as the punishment does not always fit the crime for example people who assault, are not assaulted and rapists who raped, are not raped. The Justice Centre of the University of Alaska at Anchorage, in its website section titled The Death Penalty: Specific Issues Retribution Justice for Murder Victims, offered the following: Death penalty advocates justify capital punishment under the principle of lex talionis, or an eye for an eye the belief that punishment should fit the crime. In particular, people who favor capital punishment argue that murderers should be executed in retribution for their crimes and that such retribution serves justice for murder victims and their survivors. Death penalty opponents emphasize the sacredness of life, arguing that killing is always wrong whether by individual or by the state, and that justice is best served through reconciliation. Justice center of the University of Alaska at Anchorage. Available from: http://www.deathpeanlty.procon.org/view.answers.php?questionID=0010004. (Accessed on the 25th October 2010). However there is a serious risk of executing the innocent and the adage People getting their just desserts pose a serious drawback for the retribution argument. Deterrence: Does the death penalty act as a deterrent and that by executing convicted criminals will deter would be murderers from killing people. Many people believe that this is correct and in 2000 George W Bush stated: I think the reason to support the death penalty is because it saves other peoples lives, and further that Its the only reason to be for it. The Berkeley electronic press available at: http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/donohue Deter.pdf. (Accessed on the 25th October 2010). Studies have failed to provide any evidence that deterrence works and research has found that if a crime is not pre-meditated it is unlikely that the criminal who most probably at the time of his/hers capital crime was not thinking logically and heedless to any consequences that would occur later. Persons who commit pre meditated murder often concentrate on escaping any detection or conviction and thus the threat of punishment by death does not deter them as they are convinced they will not be caught. John McAdams stated: If we execute murderers and there is in fact no deterrent effect, we have killed a bunch of murderers. If we fail to execute murderers, and doing so would in fact have deterred other murders, we have allowed the killing of a bunch of innocent victims. I would much rather risk the former. This, to me, is not a tough call. Marquette University/Department of Political Science, on deterrence available at: http://www.prodeathpenalty.com. (Accessed on 24th October 2010). Prevention of re-offending: Those who commit heinous crimes and are executed cannot commit any more crimes it is said but imprisonment for life does not necessarily make for a peaceful society either. In the U.K life imprisonment usually means a sentence of a minimum time which is set by a sentencing judge usually 15-20 years, the person who committed his/her crime then becomes eligible for parole. For example: Jon Venables after murdering Jamie Bulger along with his accomplice Robert Thompson was given a sentence of just eight years. There has been a public outcry about the sentence given and early this year Jon was recalled back to custody after breaching the terms of his release. Denise Bulger, Jamies mother stated nine years ago: If released they would reoffend Interview available at: http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/2884530/jon-venables-recognised-by-a-localhtm. (Accessed on the 25th October 2010). Arguments against capital punishment Wrongly convicted: DNA testing has opened a large window into a persons claim of innocence and has literally changed the justice system. People have been motivated by external influences to confess or admit to a murder that they didnt commit only to be exonerated possibly years later. In the case of Frank Sterling, a New York truck driver convicted on a confession that he gave in 1992 that he had strangled a four year old girl. Frank served 19 years in jail only to be freed earlier this year with the help of the innocence project when DNA proved that he in fact did not murder her and another inmate Mark Christie had. Picture 12 Frank Sterling Freed After DNA proves His InnocenceFrank Sterling Image available at: http://www.genpop-org/2010/04frank-sterling-freed-after-dna-proves-hiinnocence/ (Accessed 17th October 2010). There is ample evidence now that proves there are and have been errors and flaws throughout the legal system, Frank Sterling is just one of countless numbers of people who are innocent. It is also inevitable that innocent people will be convicted and sentenced to death in the world and such mistakes cannot be put right. The right to live: It has been stated that the right to live is the most significant right of them all when it comes to the death penalty, but it can also be argued with the adage an eye for an eye. Professor van den Haag stated in an interview: I hold life sacred, and because I hold it sacred, I feel that anyone who takes some ones life should know that thereby he forsakes his own and does not just suffer an inconvenience about being put into prison for sometime http://www.prodeathpenalty.com/ornellaspaper.htm.(Accessed 21st October 2010). In the United Kingdom, Article 2 of the human rights act 1998 which states everyones right to life shall be protected by law was enforced in 2000 meaning that no one in the U.K can be sentenced to death. A Questionnaire was posted online on the 17th October. The graph below shows the results of the 120 people who were sent and replied to the questionnaire. C:UsersOwnerAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesLowContent.IE5ELA6NUIH20101024211242[1].jpg If capital punishment were to be re introduced into the U.K many questions would be raised for example: will innocent people be executed? can the legal system be trusted? and will it ever be proved as a deterrent etc? I personally dont believe that any of these questions can be answered with the upmost truth and above all proof and you have to take into account that each and every person in the world is capable of murder if faced with, for example: self defence. Whether or not capital punishment would deter would be criminals prior to their offense, I do believe that the death penalty should be reintroduced into the U.K. In the interest of the people, criminals who have committed acts of such a heinous nature should be given a punishment proportionate to fit the crime. I would go as far as to say that the U.K justice system should, when giving out a life sentence to an offender, mean it is for life and, when a life is taken in such a monstrous way, the offender should be sentenced to death. The reintroduction of U.K capital punishment would not come without its mistakes, and, it could cause misery to the offenders families. But I personally think that if it was reintroduced with strict laws and guidelines and only for offenders, who have committed terrible crimes, then there could be some retribution, it would permanently incapacitate them, and, maybe it could save some money that could be spent on rehabilitating other less serious criminals . Commision on the fair administration of Justice.http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/costs-death-penalty (Accessed 25th October 2010). http://abouthumanrights.co.uk/right-life.html (Accessed 25th October 2010). http://www.amnesty.org/en/death-penalty/numbers (Accessed 24th October 2010). http://www.genpop-org/2010/04frank-sterling-freed-after-dna-proves-his-innocence (Accessed 17th October 2010). http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/DonohueDeter.pdf http://www.prodeathpenalty.com/ornellaspaper.htm (Accessed 21st October 2010). http://stephen.stratford.co.uk/capital -list.htm (Accessed 24th October 2010). http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/2884530/jon-venables-recognised-by-a-localhtm (Accessed 24th October 2010). http://users.rcn.com/mwood/deathpen.html#Retribution John McAdams Marquette University/Department of Political Science, on deterrence. http://www.prodeathpenalty.com (Accessed on the 24th October 2010). Justice Center of the University of Alaska at Anchorage. http://www.deathpeanlty.procon.org/view.answers.php?questionID=0010004 (Accessed 25th October 2010). The Berkeley electronic press. http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/donohuedeter.pdf (Accessed 25th October 2010). I would like to thank all my friends on facebook who answered my questions posted on the internet on the 17th of October 2010.